Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory data of fatty acids.
| Anti-inflammatory assaya | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Superoxide anion | Elastase release | ||
| Name | Abbreviation | IC50 (μM)b | IC50 (μM)b |
| Palmitic acid | C16:0 | >10 | >10 |
| Palmitic acid methyl ester | C16:0, me | >10 | >10 |
| Stearic acid | C18:0 | >10c | >10c |
| Stearic acid methyl ester | C18:0, me | >10 | >10 |
| Undecylenic acid | C11:1n-1 | >10 | >10 |
| Undecylenic acid methyl ester | C11:1n-1, me | >10 | >10 |
| cis-Vaccenic acid | C18:1n-7 | 2.31 ± 0.20c | 1.36 ± 0.07c |
| cis-Vaccenic acid methyl ester | C18:1n-7, me | >10 | >10 |
| Oleic acid | C18:1n-9 | 2.56 ± 0.13c | 1.40 ± 0.07c |
| Oleic acid methyl ester | C18:1n-9, me | >10c | >10c |
| Petroselinic acid | C18:1n-12 | 2.14 ± 0.47 | 1.39 ± 0.07 |
| Petroselinic acid methyl ester | C18:1n-12, me | >10 | >10 |
| Linoleic acid | C18:2n-6 | 2.64 ± 0.17c | 1.80 ± 0.12c |
| Linoleic acid methyl ester | C18:2n-6, me | >10 | >10 |
| Conjugated (9Z,11E)-linoleic acid | C18:2n-7 | 2.08 ± 0.50 | 1.26 ± 0.15 |
| α-Linolenic acid | C18:3n-3 | 3.49 ± 0.22 | 4.57 ± 0.08 |
| α-Linolenic acid methyl ester | C18:3n-3, me | >10 | >10 |
| γ-Linolenic acid | C18:3n-6 | 4.57 ± 0.25c | 3.17 ± 0.18c |
| cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | C20:5n-3 | 3.73 ± 0.91 | 1.52 ± 0.14 |
| cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | C22:6n-3 | 2.82 ± 0.44 | 2.54 ± 0.13 |
| 2-Hydroxystearic acid | C18:0, 2-OH | >10 | >10 |
| 12-Hydroxystearic acid | C18:0, 12-OH | >10 | >10 |
| 12-Hydroxystearic acid methyl ester | C18:0, 12-OH, me | >10 | >10 |
| 12-Oxostearic acid methyl ester | C18:0, 12-oxo, me | >10 | >10 |
| 2-Hydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (minerval, 2OHOA) | C18:1n-9, cis, 2-OH | 2.40 ± 0.69 | 2.02 ± 0.70 |
| 12R-Hydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (ricinoleic acid) | C18:1n-9, cis, 12-OH | >10d | >10d |
| 12R-Hydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (ricinoleic acid) methyl ester | C18:1n-9, cis, 12-OH, me | >10 | Enhancing effecte |
| 12R-Hydroxy-9E-octadecenoic acid (ricinelaidic acid) | C18:1n-9, trans, 12-OH | 2.32 ± 0.59 | 1.63 ± 0.16 |
| 12R-Hydroxy-9Z,13E-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (1) | C18:2n-5, 12-OH, me | >10 | >10 |
| Genistein | 1.37 ± 0.53 | 40.0 ± 8.9 | |
Anti-inflammatory capacity was evaluated by superoxide anion generation and elastase release assays in human neutrophils using fMLF/CB as an inducer. IC50 values; results are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3–4); compared with the control value (fMLF/CB).
IC50 values express the concentration of the sample required to inhibit superoxide anion generation or elastase release by 50%.
The samples were tested in Hwang et al. (2009).
Ricinoleic acid exerted significant inhibitory activity in superoxide anion generation (39.9 ± 5.6%) and elastase release (39.9 ± 4.1%) assay at 10 μM.
The compound showed enhancing effects on elastase release at 10 μM (42.8 ± 6.5%) in the presence of CB. Compared with fMLF/CB (as 100%).