Table 1.

Production and antibiotic impregnation details of hip and knee spacers.

Study	Joint	Number of spacer implantations	Cement used	Spacer type	Antibiotic impregnation and type
Anagnostakos et al. [6]	Hip	17	Palacos	Custom-made	0.5 g G + 2 g V/40 g cement powder
Balato et al. [7]	10x hip 8x knee	18	Palacos	Custom-made	1 g G + 1 g C powder
Bertazzoni Minelli et al. [8]	5x hip 6x knee	11	Cemex®	Prefabricated∗	1.9% G, 1.9% G + 1.25% V, 1.9% G + 1.9% V, 1.9% G + 2.5% V, 1.9% G + 5% V powder
Fink et al. [9]	Hip	14	Palacos	Custom-made	7 × 1 g G + 1 g C/40 g cement, 7 x 1 g G + 1 g C + 2 g V/40 g cement powder
Hsieh et al. [10]	Hip	46	Simplex	Custom-made	4 g V + 4 g A/40 g cement powder
Hsieh et al. [11]	Hip	42	Simplex	Custom-made	~300 mg G + 3 g V/40 g cement liquid G + powder V
Isiklar et al. [12]	Hip	10	n.r.	Custom-made	2 g V/40 g cement powder
Kelm et al. [13]	Hip	10	Palacos	Custom-made	0.5 g G + 2 g V/40 g cement
Masri et al. [14]	34x hip 15x knee	49	37x Palacos 12x Simplex	Custom-made	1.2–4.8 g T + 1-2 g V/40 g cement powder
Mutimer et al. [15]	Knee	12	Cemex	Prefabricated	Gentamicin powder
Regis et al. [16]	Hip	7	Cemex	Prefabricated∗∗	2.5% G + 150–170 mg V powder

V: vancomycin; G: gentamicin; C: clindamycin; A: aztreonam; T: tobramycin; ∗: in 9/11 cases additional impregnation by drilling in the spacer and filling with vancomycin-loaded cement; ∗∗: in all cases additional impregnation by drilling in the spacer and filling with vancomycin-loaded cement; n.r.: not reported.