Table S1.
Radiocarbon ages of earthworm calcite granule samples from breeding experiments and the Nussloch loess–paleosoils sequence and additional radiocarbon and luminescence ages from this site represented on Fig. 2
| Sample name/unit number (pedogenetic horizon) | Laboratory code | Material | Conventional age | Calibrated age: IntCal13-2s | Source | |
| Minimum–maximum (probability) | Median | |||||
| Compost organic matter | SacA 38251 | Organic matter | 270 ± 30 | [1–2] (0.001) | 319 | This study |
| Compost organic matter | SacA 38251 | Organic matter | 270 ± 30 | [153–168] (0.06) | ||
| Compost organic matter | SacA 38251 | Organic matter | 270 ± 30 | [282–333] (0.493) | ||
| Compost organic matter | SacA 38251 | Organic matter | 270 ± 30 | [353–435] (0.446) | ||
| CaCO3 | SacA 35801 | CaCO3 powder | 48,330 ± 2,370 | — | — | This study |
| Breeding without CaCO3 | SacA 35798 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | Modern | — | — | This study |
| Breeding with CaCO3 | SacA 35799 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | Modern | — | — | This study |
| P8 120–125/37c (IG8b) | SacA 33525 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 15,460 ± 50 | [18,592–18,833] (1.00) | 18,726 | This study |
| P8 185–190/37c (IG8a) | SacA35802 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 18,830 ± 130 | [22,423–23,006] (1.00) | 22,697 | This study |
| P8 285–290/35 (G7) | SacA 33526 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 19,580 ± 70 | [23,331–23,864] (1.00) | 23,593 | This study |
| P8 460–465/33c (IG6b) | SacA 33529 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 20,240 ± 80 | [24,062–24,540] (1.00) | 24,311 | This study |
| P8 500–505/33a (IG6a) | SacA 35803 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 20,960 ± 100 | [25,027–25,586] (1.00) | 25,313 | This study |
| P8 675–680/30a–b (cpx IG5) | SacA 33527 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 21,480 ± 90 | [25,605–25,970] (1.00) | 25,793 | This study |
| P8 705–710/30a–b (cpx IG5) | SacA 35804 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 22,250 ± 120 | [26,126–26,928] (1.00) | 26,476 | This study |
| P8 735–740/28 (G4) | SacA 33530 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 22,840 ± 100 | [26,938–27,459] (1.00) | 27,213 | This study |
| P8 750–755/28 (G4) | Poz–73516 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 23,470 ± 180 | [27,366–27,896] (1.00) | 27,637 | This study |
| P8 845–850/26 (G3) | SacA 33528 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 24,860 ± 120 | [28,591–29,236] (1.00) | 28,883 | This study |
| P8 1020–1025/23d (G2b) | Poz–73518 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 26,250 ± 240 | [29,851–30,968] (1.00) | 30,519 | This study |
| P8 1025–1030/23d (G2b) | SacA 33520 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 25,870 ± 130 | [29,634–30,573] (1.00) | 30,103 | This study |
| P8 1045–1050/23c (G2b) | SacA 33521 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 25,930 ± 120 | [29,721–30,624] (1.00) | 30,189 | This study |
| P8 1055–1060/23c (G2b) | Poz–73511 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 25,830 ± 220 | [29,468–30,654] (1.00) | 30,052 | This study |
| P8 1085–1090/23a (G2a) | Poz–73514 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 27,220 ± 260 | [30,842–31,496] (1.00) | 31,167 | This study |
| P8 1095–1110/23a (G2a) | SacA 33522 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 27,100 ± 140 | [30,890–31,302] (1.00) | 31,102 | This study |
| P8 1105–1110/23a (G2a) | Poz–73536 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 28,370 ± 290 | [31,479–33,130] (1.00) | 32,287 | This study |
| P8 1160–1165/21c (G1b) | Poz–73515 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 28,960 ± 310 | [32,137–33,807] (1.00) | 33,111 | This study |
| P8 1165–1170/21c (G1b) | SacA 33523 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 28,880 ± 180 | [32,516–33,589] (1.00) | 33,078 | This study |
| P8 1190–1195–1/21a (G1a) | SacA 33532 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 29,400 ± 180 | [33,183–33,960] (1.00) | 33,621 | This study |
| P8 1190–1195–2/21a (G1a) | SacA 33524 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 29,710 ± 190 | [33,532–34,184] (1.00) | 33,854 | This study |
| P8 1200–1205/20 (LS) | SacA 35805 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 31,310 ± 300 | [34,627–35,861] (1.00) | 35,205 | This study |
| P8 1225–1230/20 (LS) | SacA 35806 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 31,740 ± 310 | [34,959–36,256] (1.00) | 35,626 | This study |
| P8 1280–1285–1/18 (Gm3) | SacA 33531 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 36,510 ± 400 | [40,281–41,831] (1.00) | 41,116 | This study |
| P8 1280–1285–2/18 (Gm3) | SacA 33516 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 36,630 ± 670 | [39,847–42,228] (1.00) | 41,149 | This study |
| P8 1300–1305/18 (Gm3) | Poz–73535 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 38,300 ± 900 | [41,006–43,892] (1.00) | 42,414 | This study |
| P8 1315–1320/18 (Gm3) | SacA 33517 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 39,800 ± 580 | [42,611–44,511] (1.00) | 43,501 | This study |
| P8 1335–1340/17 | Poz–73525 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 41,500 ± 1,500 | [42,511–47,838] (1.00) | 44,977 | This study |
| P8 1360–1365/16 (Gm2) | SacA 33518 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 39,560 ± 560 | [42,480–44,303] (1.00) | 43,305 | This study |
| P8 1375–1380/16 (Gm2) | Poz–73528 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 41000 ± 1,500 | [42,171–47,269] (1.00) | 44,550 | This study |
| P8 1390–1395/15 (UGS) | Poz–73529 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 43,000 ± 2,000 | [43,339–49,849] (1.00) | 46,395 | This study |
| P8 1525–1530/P4–2a–3 (Gm1) | SacA 33519 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 43,340 ± 890 | [44,949–48,595] (1.00) | 46,623 | This study |
| P3 1190–1200/30c (IG5b) | Poz–73532 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 22,300 ± 170 | [26,124–27,068] (1.00) | 26,561 | This study |
| P3 1140–1150/30a (IG5a) | Poz–73534 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 22,470 ± 160 | [26,320–27,213] (1.00) | 26,782 | This study |
| P3 810–820/24 | Poz–73526 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 25,050 ± 290 | [28,473–29,794] (1.00) | 29,107 | This study |
| P3 600–610/20 (LS) | Poz–73530 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 31,800 ± 500 | [34,659–36,759] (1.00) | 35,692 | This study |
| P3 570–580/20 (LS) | Poz–73531 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 34,700 ± 600 | [37,802–40,677] (1.00) | 39,234 | This study |
| P4 1750–1760/38d (IG9b) | SacA 46572 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 12,200 ± 70 | [13,814–14,353] (1.00) | 14,092 | This study |
| P4 1710–1720/38b (IG9a) | SacA 46571 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 17,470 ± 110 | [20,766–21,456] (1.00) | 21,102 | This study |
| P4 1590–1600/37c (IG8b) | SacA 46570 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 18,400 ± 100 | [21,961–22,476] (1.00) | 22,274 | This study |
| P4 1540–1550/37a (IG8a) | SacA 46569 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 18,890 ± 100 | [22,485–23,015] (1.00) | 22,748 | This study |
| P4 1010–1020/28 (G4) | SacA 20771 | Earthw. Calc.Gr. | 23,480 ± 110 | [27,447–27,828] (1.00) | 27,645 | This study |
| P4 910–920/26 (G3) | SacA 20770 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 24,850 ± 120 | [28,581–29,222] (1.00) | 28,874 | This study |
| P4 620–630/23d (G2a) | SacA 20706 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 28,930 ± 200 | [32,541–33,652] (1.00) | 33,132 | This study |
| P4 540–550/21 (G1a) | SacA 20705 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 30,830 ± 230 | [34,258–35,212] (1.00) | 34,747 | This study |
| P4 510–520/20 (LS) | SacA 20704 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 33,750 ± 230 | [37,021–38,866] (1.00) | 38,143 | This study |
| Schatthausen/SH9 (G3) | UtC10628 | Earthw. Calc. Gr. | 24,510 ± 190 | [28,072–28,939] (1.00) | 28,542 | Refs. 58 and 62 |
| P2/37c | Gif A–96221 | Mollusk shell | 15,260 ± 110 | [18,267–18,770] (1.00) | 18,525 | Ref. 50 |
| P4 equivalent/28 (G4) | KIA 12346 | Mollusk shell | 23,870 ± 170 | [27,640–28,334] (1.00) | 27,932 | Ref. 52 |
| P4 equivalent/26 (G3) | KIA 12347 | Mollusk shell | 24,790 ± 160 | [28,463–29,241] (1.00) | 28,825 | Ref. 52 |
| P4 equivalent/20 (LS) | KIA 12348 | Mollusk shell | 31,660 ± 310 | [34,896–36,191] (1.00) | 35,544 | Ref. 52 |
| Schatthausen/SH9 (G3) | UtC10626 | Mollusk shell | 23,990 ± 160 | [27,725–28,426] (1.00) | 28,036 | Refs. 58 and 62 |
| P2 285/34 | NU–1 | TL polymineral | 22,100 ± ? | — | — | Ref. 56 |
| P2 730/20 | NU–7 | TL polymineral | 34,800 ± 3,700 | — | — | Ref. 56 |
| P4 524/34 | NUP4–0809 | OSL quartz | 23,100 ± 1,900 | — | — | Ref. 53 |
| P4 1131/24b | NUP4–0806 | OSL quartz | 29,500 ± 2,100 | — | — | Ref. 53 |
| P4 1808/SLR | NUP4–0801 | OSL quartz | 54,200 ± 4,100 | — | — | Ref. 53 |
| P2011 125/38a | BT1135 | OSL quartz | 17,600 ± 1,700 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 290/34 | BT1016 | OSL quartz | 27,500 ± 1,800 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 360/33b | BT1178 | OSL quartz | 23,500 ± 2,300 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 485/31 | BT1018 | OSL quartz | 29,400 ± 1,700 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 540/27 | BT1180 | OSL quartz | 31,100 ± 2,900 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 645/24b | BT1020 | OSL quartz | 34,900 ± 2,200 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
| P2011 995/20 | BT1022 | OSL quartz | 35,100 ± 2,300 | — | — | Ref. 55 |
Breeding experiment samples are of modern age, and conventional ages cannot be calculated. Their F14C values of 1.0250 ± 0.0037 (without CaCO3) and 1.0245 ± 0.0038 (with CaCO3) support their modern age. Earthw. Calc. Gr., earthworm calcite granules; LS, Lohne Soil; TL, thermoluminescence; UGS, Upper Gräselberg Soil.