Table S1.
Ca isotope composition of cow dairy products, human breast milk (30, 31), 15 different infant formulas (this study), human whole blood (47), and estimation of average Ca isotope composition of typical Western diet and vegan Western diet (31–33)
| Material | δ44/42Ca (relative to ICP Ca Lyon), ‰ ± 2 SD | n | Source | |
| Cow milk and dairy products | ||||
| Milk | −1.19 | 0.14 | 3 | Ref. 30 |
| Whey | −1.12 | 0.12 | 2 | Ref. 30 |
| Curd | −1.14 | 0.06 | 1 | Ref. 30 |
| Kefir | −1.11 | 0.20 | 4 | Ref. 30 |
| Yogurt | −1.22 | 0.04 | 1 | Ref. 30 |
| Commercial milk | −1.00 | 0.01 | 4 | Ref. 30 |
| Ultrahigh-temperature milk | −1.19 | 0.28 | 5 | Ref. 31 |
| Cheese (gouda) | −1.11 | 0.02 | 3 | Ref. 31 |
| Cheese (emmentaler) | −1.05 | 0.26 | 1 | Ref. 31 |
| Cheese (brie) | −1.21 | 0.02 | 2 | Ref. 31 |
| BCR-380R (whole milk powder) | −1.10 | 0.10 | 16 | This study |
| Average of cow dairy products | −1.13 | 0.13 | (2 SD, n = 11) | |
| Infant formulas | ||||
| Blédilait, 0–6 mo | −0.71 | 0.01 | 2 | This study |
| Gallia, 0–6 mo | −0.62 | 0.22 | 3 | This study |
| Gallia, premature/low-weight infant | −0.82 | 0.19 | 3 | This study |
| Guigoz, 0–6 mo, antiregurgitation | −0.22 | 0.09 | 6 | This study |
| Guigoz, 0–6 mo | −0.51 | 0.05 | 3 | This study |
| Guigoz, premature/low-weight infant | −0.01 | 0.05 | 2 | This study |
| Milumel, 6–12 mo | −0.62 | 0.10 | 3 | This study |
| Modilac, 0–6 mo, antiregurgitation | −0.62 | 0.17 | 4 | This study |
| Modilac, premature/low-weight infant | −0.81 | 0.13 | 4 | This study |
| Nidal, 0–6 mo | −0.48 | 0.20 | 2 | This study |
| Novalac, 0–6 mo, antiregurgitation | −0.25 | 0.13 | 3 | This study |
| Nutricia, 0–12 mo, medical nutrition | −0.69 | 0.11 | 2 | This study |
| Picot, 0–6 mo, medical nutrition | −0.58 | — | 1 | This study |
| Picot, 6–12 mo, medical nutrition | −0.20 | 0.17 | 4 | This study |
| Picot, 0–12 mo, lactose-free | −0.19 | 0.10 | 2 | This study |
| Average of infant formulas | −0.49 | 0.51 | (2 SD, n = 15) | |
| Human breast milk | ||||
| Individual A (2 mo after birth), United Kingdom | −1.71 | 0.28 | 5 | Ref. 30 |
| Individual A (4 mo after birth) United Kingdom | −1.97 | 0.02 | 3 | Ref. 30 |
| Individual B (1 mo after birth), United Kingdom | −1.54 | 0.26 | 1 | Ref. 30 |
| Individual C (4 mo after birth), United Kingdom | −1.50 | 0.02 | 2 | Ref. 30 |
| French individual (1 wk after birth) | −1.63 | 0.13 | 5 | This study |
| Average of breast milk | −1.67 | 0.37 | (2 SD, n = 5) | |
| Human whole blood | ||||
| Baseline patient 1, United States | −1.14 | 0.15 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 2, United States | −0.99 | 0.16 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 3, United States | −1.02 | 0.19 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 4, United States | −1.22 | 0.16 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 5, United States | −1.23 | 0.18 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 6, United States | −0.99 | 0.15 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 7, United States | −1.00 | 0.06 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 8, United States | −0.97 | 0.24 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 9, United States | −1.37 | 0.09 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 10, United States | −1.29 | 0.08 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 11, United States | −1.19 | 0.10 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Baseline patient 12, United States | −1.26 | 0.01 | — | Ref. 47 |
| Average of ref. 47 (United States) | −1.14 | 0.28 | (2 SD, n = 12) | |
| 25-y-old male, France | −1.41 | 0.08 | 5 | This study |
| 39-y-old female, France | −1.43 | 0.12 | 9 | This study |
| Average of this study (France) | −1.42 | 0.03 | (2 SD, n = 2) | |
| Average whole blood | −1.28 | 0.39 | ||
| Average Western diet components | ||||
| Dairy products | −1.12 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Vegetables | −0.86 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Fruit | −0.86 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Cereal products | −0.80 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Meat | −0.56 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Fats | −1.02 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Water | −0.18 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Typical Western diet | −1.02 | — | Ref. 32 | |
| Typical vegan diet | −0.83 | — | Ref. 32 | |