Table 1.

Metabolites in adventitious roots from five ginseng cultivars identified through UPLC-ESI/MS in negative mode (CP, Chunpoong; CS, Cheongsun; GO, Gopong; SH, Sunhyang; and SU, Sunun).

No.	RT (min)	m/z			Formula	Error (mDa)	Identified compound	VIP value	P-value	Reference
		Adduct ion	Exact	Measured
1	6.8	[M-HCOO]-	845.49	845.48	C42H72O14	-6	Ginsenoside Rg1a	1.47	2.73E-30	STDb
2	6.9	[M-HCOO]-	991.55	991.54	C48H82O18	-5.7	Ginsenoside Rea	1.48	1.72E-30	STDb
3	7.7	[M-H]-	885.48	885.48	C45H74O17	-2.9	Malonyl ginsenoside Rg1	0.75	4.86E-11	MacCrehan and White, 2013
4	15.8	[M-H]-	799.48	799.48	C42H72O14	-0.7	Ginsenoside Rfa	1.29	2.78E-13	STDb
5	17.3	[M-H]-	1239.64	1239.64	C59H100O27	1.3	Notoginsenoside Fa	0.83	1.98E-25	Xie et al., 2008
6	17.7	[M-H]-	769.47	769.47	C41H70O13	0.9	Notoginsenoside R2a	1.35	1.63E-26	MacCrehan and White, 2013
7	20.1	[M-H]-	783.49	783.49	C42H72O13	1.8	Ginsenoside Rg2 (20S)/(20R) a	1.45	6.58E-21	STDb
8	21.9	[M-H]-	1107.59	1107.59	C54H92O23	-1.1	Ginsenoside Rb1 a	1.52	2.91E-18	STDb
9	23.3	[M-H]-	1193.59	1193.59	C57H94O26	-4.3	Malonyl ginsenoside Rb1a	1.55	7.30E-24	MacCrehan and White, 2013
10	23.9	[M-H]-	1077.58	1077.58	C53H90O22	-2.9	Ginsenoside Rca	1.2	7.43E-28	STDb
11	25.2	[M-H]-	955.49	955.49	C48H76O19	-2.2	Ginsenoside Ro isomer	0.79	4.08E-17	Qi et al., 2012
12	25.4	[M-H]-	1163.58	1163.58	C56H92O25	-5.2	Malonyl ginsenoside Rb2/Rb3/Rca	1.39	1.45E-25	Qi et al., 2012
13	26.3	[M-H]-	1077.58	1077.58	C53H90O22	-5.2	Ginsenoside Rb2a	1.15	8.24E-27	STDb
14	27.3	[M-H]-	925.48	925.47	C47H74O18	-0.6	Pseudoginsenoside RT1	0.83	2.77E-11	Qi et al., 2012
15	27.7	[M-H]-	1163.58	1163.58	C56H92O25	-4.2	Malonyl ginsenoside Rb2/Rb3/Rca	1.28	1.29E-27	Qi et al., 2012
16	29.8	[M-H]-	793.44	793.44	C42H66O14	-1.4	Chikusetsusaponin IVaa	1.09	6.35E-17	Qi et al., 2012
17	31.3	[M-H]-	1163.58	1163.59	C56H92O25	-0.5	Malonyl ginsenoside Rb2/Rb3/Rca	1.31	1.02E-21	Qi et al., 2012
18	31.4	[M-HCOO]-	991.55	991.55	C48H82O18	5.5	Ginsenoside Rda	1.2	2.59E-14	STDb
19	31.9	[M-H]-	1031.54	1031.55	C51H84O21	3.1	Malonyl ginsenoside Rd isomera	1.12	1.27E-19	Qi et al., 2012
20	32.8	[M-HCOO]-	991.55	991.56	C48H82O18	3.1	Gypenoside XVII	0.97	1.19E-28	Qi et al., 2012
21	39.2	[M-H]-	631.38	631.38	C36H56O9	-4.2	Calenduloside Ea	1.21	3.48E-13	Qi et al., 2012

^aCharacterized biomarker metabolites (VIP value > 1.0 and P-value < 0.05).

^bIdentified metabolites using authentic compounds.