Table 1.
Household and respondent characteristics in villages receiving CLTS in Ethiopia and Ghana, by intervention.
| Variable | Ethiopia |
Ghana |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEW CLTS | Teacher CLTS | Difference [95% CI] | NGO CLTS | NGO CLTS + NL training | Difference [95% CI] | |
| Female respondent | 73% | 77% | 4% [−1%, 8%] | 74% | 69% | −5% [−13%, 2%] |
| Five or more years of educationa | 20% | 17% | −3% [−8%, 2%] | 52% | 58% | 7% [−8%, 22%] |
| Household size (people) | 6.1 | 5.7 | −0.4 [−0.6, −0.2] | 4.1 | 3.9 | −0.2 [−1, 0.5] |
| Number of children per household | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 [−0.1, 0.1] | 0.7 | 0.6 | −0.1 [−0.3, 0.1] |
| Metal roof | 28% | 19% | −10% [−15%, −4%] | 88% | 93% | 5% [−4%, 14%] |
| Own radio | 26% | 27% | 1% [−5%, 7%] | 48% | 50% | 2% [−6%, 9%] |
| Own television | 1% | 1% | 0% [−1%, 1%] | 34% | 41% | 7% [−3%, 16%] |
| Years family lived in village | 24 | 21 | −2 [−4, −1] | 31 | 25 | −5 [−10, −0.3] |
| Years family lived in current house | 15 | 13 | −3 [−5, −1] | 15 | 14 | −2 [−5, 1] |
| Use improved water supply | 51% | 51% | 0% [−15%, 14%] | 77% | 77% | 0% [−10%, 11%] |
| Baseline latrine ownership | 84% | 76% | −8% [−12%, −3%] | 9% | 13% | 3% [−1%, 8%] |
Abbreviations: HEW, health extension worker; NGO, non-governmental organization; NL, natural leader.
a
Assumes that respondents who have completed primary education in Ghana have spent at least five years in education. All analysis accounts for unequal selection probabilities, non-response rates, and village-clustering. All Ethiopia values are from the baseline survey. All Ghana values are taken from the midline survey, and describe the two treatment groups at that time, except for latrine ownership private latrine ownership, which is based on recall of how old their latrines were.