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. 2017 Jan 10;11(5):1218–1231. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2016.199

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Copyright © 2017 International Society for Microbial Ecology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Proposed ecological states or ecotypes of the oral ecosystem and the positioning of the microbiome clusters according to these states. The dichotomy in bacteria-metabolite associations and the relation with salivary parameters is depicted in saccharolytic (left side) or proteolytic (right side) adaptations of the ecosystem. Based on the observed associations, the microbiome-based sample clusters MIC1.2 and MIC3 are positioned toward the specialized state of the system, whereas clusters MIC2, MIC1.1 and MIC1.3 are positioned within the adaptive state of the system. The more specialized the ecosystem becomes, the more it may shift toward dysbiosis.