Table 2.
Association between OSA and its impact on known CVDs with available data.
| CVD | Association with OSA | Literature |
|---|---|---|
| Systemic Hypertension | Positive, dose-dependent relationship with AHI | Wisconsin cohort (2000) |
| Sympathetic activation | Sleep Heart Health (2000) | |
| RAAS activation | ||
| More frequent in resistant hypertension | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | Higher risk of myocardial infarction (AHI>30) | Lancet (2005) |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Positive relationship between atherosclerotic volume and AHI | American College of Cardiology (2008) |
| Increased nocturnal MIs | International Journal of Cardiology (2009) | |
| Nocturnal hypoxia | ||
| Heart Failure | High degree of association (50–70%) | European Journal of Heart Failure (2007) |
| Initial central apnea causing sympathetic stimulation | Nature Reviews: Cardiology (2016) | |
| HTN, tachycardia causing cardiac remodeling | ||
| RAAS activation | ||
| Arrhythmias | Moderate degree of association (40–50%) | American College of Cardiology (2014) |
| Intrathoracic pressure change causing stretching of atria | Sleep Medicine (2016) | |
| Atrial remodeling disturbing conduction pathways | ||
| Sympatho-vagal imbalance from apneic episodes | ||
| Strokes (CVA) | Risk independent of other CVD risk factors | Lancet (2004) |
| Dose-dependent relationship with AHI | American Thoracic Society (2010) | |
| Altered cerebral autoregulation | ||
| Endothelial dysfunction | ||
| Pro-thrombic/inflammatory state | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | Evidence of association (20%) | American Journal of Cardiology (2009) |
| Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome |