Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to quintile of total protein consumption, ARIC, 1987-1989 (N=11,952).
| Quintiles of Total Protein Consumption (g/day)a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-value for linear trend | |
| (n=2,391) | (n=2,390) | (n=2,391) | (n=2,390) | (n=2,390) | ||
| Age, years | 53.8 (5.8) | 53.8 (5.7) | 53.8 (5.7) | 53.8 (5.7) | 53.7 (5.6) | 0.43 |
| Female, % | 64.2 | 56.9 | 57.8 | 55.4 | 47.0 | <0.001 |
| Black, % | 23.3 | 22.6 | 22.7 | 22.1 | 23.5 | 0.96 |
| Current cigarette smoker, % | 28.3 | 26.7 | 24.3 | 24.6 | 26.4 | 0.04 |
| Education, % | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 24.8 | 20.3 | 18.9 | 18.9 | 19.1 | |
| High school or equivalent | 45.3 | 42.9 | 40.2 | 40.3 | 40.1 | |
| College or above | 29.9 | 36.8 | 41.0 | 40.8 | 40.8 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 119.6 (18.5) | 119.8 (17.9) | 119.6 (17.8) | 119.4 (18.0) | 120.0 (17.7) | 0.94 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.9 (11.4) | 73.0 (10.7) | 73.6 (11.0) | 73.3 (10.9) | 73.5 (11.0) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension, % | 30.7 | 30.8 | 32.6 | 31.0 | 28.7 | 0.21 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication, % | 22.6 | 22.2 | 24.5 | 23.1 | 20.3 | 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 214.0 (42.1) | 214.6 (40.5) | 214.1 (40.1) | 212.9 (40.9) | 212.6 (39.5) | 0.20 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 136.3 (39.7) | 137.5 (38.5) | 136.8 (38.5) | 136.0 (39.3) | 136.4 (37.8) | 0.76 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 115.5 (58.1) | 118.7 (58.3) | 119.0 (60.5) | 119.9 (61.2) | 122.3 (64.3) | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.5 (17.2) | 53.3 (17.2) | 53. 5 (17.0) | 52.8 (16.9) | 51.7 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, % | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.63 |
| eGFR, mL/min/per 1.73 m2 | 103.1 (13.8) | 103.3 (14.1) | 102.9 (13.9) | 103.3 (13.6) | 103.1 (13.3) | 0.93 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.6 (5.1) | 26.8 (4.9) | 27.1 (5.0) | 27.2 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Leisure index | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity index | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Total caloric intake, kcal/day | 1,076 (332) | 1,337 (354) | 1,559 (388) | 1,792 (436) | 2,270 (606) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, g/wk | 35.1 (85.5) | 40.7 (82.1) | 45.0 (95.2) | 47.0 (96.3) | 52.3 (103.3) | <0.001 |
| Total protein intake, g/day | 41.1 (7.3) | 57.2 (3.6) | 69.0 (3.3) | 82.3 (4.5) | 109.5 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Total protein intake, %kcal | 15.9 (3.6) | 17.7 (3.5) | 18.2 (3.4) | 18.8 (3.4) | 19.5 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Animal protein intake, g/day | 28.9 (7.0) | 42.3 (5.2) | 51.6 (5.7) | 62.5 (6.5) | 84.9 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable protein intake, g/day | 12.2 (4.2) | 14.9 (4.5) | 17.4 (5.1) | 19.8 (5.4) | 24.5 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 11.9 (5.6) | 14.4 (6.2) | 16.7 (6.4) | 19.2 (7.3) | 23.4 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Total carbohydrate intake, g/day | 135.2 (54.3) | 155.7 (55.1) | 178.4 (59.6) | 199.9 (62.2) | 244.6 (76.0) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake, %kcal | 53.5 (9.5) | 49.9 (8.4) | 49.0 (7.9) | 48.1 (7.4) | 46.4 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Total fat intake, g/day | 35.8 (11.3) | 47.7 (13.0) | 56.6 (14.7) | 66.2 (16.6) | 87.7 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Total fat intake, %kcal | 30.1 (6.6) | 31.9 (6.1) | 32.4 (5.8) | 32.9 (5.6) | 34.0 (5.6) | <0.001 |
ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein
a
Protein consumption was estimated using cumulative average intake. For those who developed kidney disease or were censored from the analysis before visit 3, food frequency questionnaire data from visit 1 was used. Otherwise, for those who developed kidney disease or were censored from the analysis after study visit 3, the average of food frequency questionnaire data from visits 1 and 3 was used