Figure 1.

Surface characteristics of titanium discs. (A) Three-dimensional surface topographic images of surfaces of untreated titanium discs and immediately after UV treatment. (B) Surface average roughness quantitatively measured at a magnification of 10× with a scanning area of 310 µm × 230 µm. (C) Optical properties (absorbance units) of titanium surfaces as obtained with UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. (D) Comparison of wettability by water, as measured using a 4-µL d H₂O droplet at the centre of each sample surface, for each group. (E,F) Comparison of contact angle with the titanium disc surface, for each group. UV-dry, immediately after UV treatment, specimen stored in sealed 12-well cell culture plates under sterile humidified conditions at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ for 28 days. UV-wet, immediately after UV treatment, specimen stored in sealed 12-well cell culture plates with dH₂O under sterile humidified conditions at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ for 28 days. **P < 0.01 for comparisons between groups.