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. 2017 Jun 19;7:3831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03940-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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UV-B irradiation or PBA induced nuclear fragmentation and PARP cleavage in the presence of TUDCA: To determine the effect of TUDCA on UV-B irradiation and PBA induced nuclear fragmentation and PARP cleavage, 2 mM TUDCA pretreated cells (15 h) were exposed to UV-B irradiation for 60 seconds (200 J/m²) or treated with 5 mM PBA and then cells were incubated at 37° C for 5 and 10 h after UV- irradiation, or 15 and 24 h after PBA treatment. Nuclear fragmentation was analyzed by DAPI staining in confocal microscopy (Panel A and Panel C) as described in ‘Materials and Methods’. Arrow marks indicate fragmented nuclei. PARP cleavage was analyzed for respective treatments by a specific antibody by western blotting (Panel B and D).