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. 2017 Jun 19;7:3831. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03940-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TUDCA inhibits UV-B irradiation and PBA induced apoptosis: TUDCA (2 mM) pretreated HepG2 cells were treated with UV-B irradiation for 60 seconds and incubated at 37° C for 5 and 10 h or with 5 mM PBA for 15 and 24 h. Apoptosis was measured with annexin V-FITC/PI staining by FACS analysis as suggested by manufacturer. Lower right quadrant (Q4) represents early apoptosis, that is, Annexin V-FITC-positive/PI-negative cells; upper right quadrant (Q2) represents necrosis or late-apoptosis, that is, Annexin V-FITC-positive/PI-positive cells. Panel B bar diagram represents per cent of cells undergoing apoptosis as shown in panel A. Data shown are mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. P value is calculated by t-test.