Table 3.
Antibiograms of isolated CoNS from different sources in the selected regions
| Resistance pattern (No of isolates) | N | AR
|
BA
|
GR
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FW | PL | FW | PL | FW | PL | ||
| No antibiotic (7) | 7 | – | – | 5 | – | 2 | – |
| One antibiotic (13) | |||||||
| C | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| E | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| P | 4 | – | – | – | 4 | – | – |
| TE | 5 | – | – | – | 3 | – | 2 |
| Two antibiotic combinations (187) | |||||||
| CN-TE | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| DO-C | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| E-TE | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| OX-C | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OX-E | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OX-FOX | 11 | 5 | 6 | – | – | – | – |
| OX-NOR | 36 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 16 | 7 | – |
| OX-TE | 3 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| P-AMP | 4 | – | 3 | – | 1 | – | – |
| P-DO | 5 | 1 | – | – | 3 | 1 | – |
| P-E | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – |
| P-NOR | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – |
| P-OX | 11 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | – |
| P-TE | 22 | 3 | 8 | – | 11 | – | – |
| TE-C | 9 | – | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | – |
| TE-DO | 76 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 37 | 12 | 2 |
| Three antibiotic combinations (6) | |||||||
| OX-CIP-NOR | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| OX-FOX-E | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OX-TE-DO | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – |
| Four antibiotic combinations (6) | |||||||
| OX-E-TE-DO | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OX-FOX-E-C | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| OX-FOX-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-CN | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| Five antibiotic combinations (18) | |||||||
| OX-CIP-NOR-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| OX-E-TE-DO-C | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| OX-E-TE-DO-SXT | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | |
| OX-FOX-E-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| OX-FOX-NOR-E-SXT | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| OX-FOX-TE-DO-C | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | |
| OX-NOR-TE-DO-SXT | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CN | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-SXT | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| P-OX-FOX-E-C | 3 | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Six antibiotic combinations (11) | |||||||
| NOR-E-TE-DO-C-SXT | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OX-CIP-NOR-TE-DO-C | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| OX-FOX-CN-E-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| OX-FOX-NOR-E-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-E-TE-DO | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CN-C | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CN-E | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
| P-OX-E-TE-DO-SXT | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| P-OX-FOX-E-TE-DO | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – |
| Seven antibiotic combinations (4) | |||||||
| OX-FOX-E-TE-DO-C-SXT | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| OX-FOX-NOR-E-TE-DO-SXT | 2 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CN-TE-DO | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Eight antibiotic combinations (2) | |||||||
| OX-FOX-NOR-E-TE-DO-C-SXT | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CN-TE-DO-C | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nine antibiotic combinations (2) | |||||||
| P-AMP-OX-FOX-CIP-NOR-CN-E-SXT | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Total number of isolates | 256 | 43 | 43 | 33 | 92 | 38 | 7 |
Notes: “–” indicates no CoNS isolated or identified. C, chloramphenicol; E, erythromycin; P, benzyl penicillin; TE, tetracycline; DO, doxycycline; OX, oxacillin; FOX, cefoxitin; NOR, norfloxacin; AMP, ampicillin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CN, gentamicin; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Abbreviations: CoNS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; AR, Ashanti region; BA, Brong Ahafo region; GR, Greater Accra region; FW, farm worker; PL, poultry litter.