Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Jun 19;7:3783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03951-y

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Inter-pulse interval processing arises in ELp of clade-A species and P. microphthalmus, and in the posterior end of EL in P. tenuicauda. (a) Representative mean evoked potentials (n = 10 traces) from ELa (red) and ELp (blue) of clade A (left) and P. microphthalmus (center), and towards the anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) ends of EL in P. tenuicauda (right), obtained in vivo in response to electrosensory pulse trains with inter-pulse intervals of 10ms. Arrowheads denote stimulus artefacts. (b) We averaged the peak-to-peak amplitude of the evoked potential in response to the second through tenth pulses of the stimulus and normalized it to the peak-to-peak amplitude of the evoked potential in response to the first pulse of the stimulus (see Methods). For clade A (left) and P. microphthalmus (center), we normalized responses separately for ELa (red symbols) and ELp (blue symbols) and figure symbols represent the mean normalized amplitude and the error bars represent the SEM. The amplitude of evoked potentials attenuates at short IPIs in ELp, but not ELa, of clade-A species (B. brachyistius: squares, n = 6, F_9,95 = 4.29, p < 0.001; B. niger: triangles, n = 4, F_9,57 = 11.29, p < 0.0001; P. adspersus: circles, n = 3, F_9,38 = 11.93, p < 0.0001; G. petersii: inverted triangles, n = 3, F_9,38 = 2.00, p = 0.06) and P. microphthalmus (n = 6, F_9,95 = 10.80, p < 0.0001). In EL of P. tenuicauda, evoked potentials attenuate towards the posterior end of EL, but not towards the anterior end. For P. tenuicauda, the color code represents the latency (in ms) to the first negative peak of the evoked potential in response to a 0.5-ms bipolar square pulse, from the shortest latency in red to the longest in blue. These latencies span those previously reported in ELa and ELp of clade-A species (ELa: 3.7 ms, ELp: 8.2 ms) and P. microphthalmus (ELa: 2.8 ms, ELp: 7.4 ms)²¹. (c) Representative response traces of neurons sensitive to inter-pulse intervals in ELp of B. niger (left) and the posterior end of EL in P. tenuicauda (right). In vitro whole-cell recordings were obtained in response to electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus. Traces depict responses to pulse trains with IPIs of 10ms, 70 ms, and 100 ms. Based on the tuning curves (d,g, see Methods), neurons were classified as high-pass (dark blue), band-pass (light blue), and low-pass (purple). Neurons sensitive to IPIs in B. niger (e,f) and P. tenuicauda (h,i) are morphologically similar and highly dendritic, as evidenced by confocal fluorescence imaging (see Methods). Scale bars in photomicrographs represent 50 µm.