Fig. 2.

Reconstructed CSLM images of live/dead-cell-stained biofilms on the unused control RO membranes - Biomass volume 3.15  ±  0.06  µm³ and Biofilm depth 30  ±  2 µm (a); clean RO membranes - Biomass volume 2.72  ±  0.28  µm³ and Biofilm depth 62  ±  22  µm (b); moderately fouled RO membranes - Biomass volume 4.04  ±  0.49  µm³ and Biofilm depth 51  ±  21  µm (c); and severely fouled RO membranes - Biomass volume 6.16  ±  3.35  µm³ and Biofilm depth 64  ±  16  µm (d)