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. 2017 Jun 20;7:276. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00276

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Copyright © 2017 Tohidpour, Morgun, Boitsova, Malinovskaya, Martynova, Khilazheva, Kopylevich, Gertsog and Salmina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Association of infectious agents with Alzheimer's disease. Chronic infections caused by major infectious agents, i.e., Helicobacter pylori, various types of spirochetes, including periodontal pathogen spirochetes and Borrelia burgdorferi, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Bar virus, Human herpes virus 6, Candida glabrata and Toxoplasma gondii are associated with development of AD. Early life exposure to these pathogenic agents can activate the resting microglia and astroglia, trigger the migration of immune cells to the neuro-endothelial tissue, degrade cell-cell tight junctions, and cause the breakdown of BBB. These activities result in development of various side effects such as neuronal damage, neuroinflammation and ultimately predispose the adult patient to develop AD.