Table 1.
Baseline and Hospital Characteristics of the Study Population*
| Characteristics | Total (n = 466) |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | 58 (47–68) |
| Male, % | 51 |
| White, % | 89 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2 (1–4) |
| Baseline creatinine, mg/dl | 0.95 (0.73–1.28) |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 79 (54–99) |
| APACHE II at enrollment | 25 (19–31) |
| SOFA score at enrollment | 9 (7–12) |
| Admission diagnoses, % | |
| Sepsis/ARDS | 32 |
| Surgery† | 22 |
| CHF, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia | 16 |
| Asthma, COPD, other pulmonary‡ | 11 |
| Airway protection§ | 11 |
| Neurologic|| | 1 |
| Other diagnosis¶ | 6 |
| Mechanically ventilated at any time during study period, % | 91 |
| Median duration of ventilation, d | 3 (1–8) |
| Benzodiazepine use | |
| Duration of use, d | 3.0 (1.0–6.2) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, mg midazolam equivalents | 7.5 (2.5–32.0) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, mg/kg** midazolam equivalents | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) |
| Propofol use | |
| Duration of use, d | 1.5 (1.0–3.0) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, mg propofol | 972 (200–2,912) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, mg/kg** propofol | 12.4 (3.5–33.9) |
| Opiate use | |
| Duration of use, d | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, μg fentanyl equivalents | 875 (200–2,400) |
| 24-h dose on days of use, μg/kg** fentanyl equivalents | 11.4 (2.7–29.5) |
| Acute kidney injury, % | 65 |
| Maximum severity of acute kidney injury, % | |
| KDIGO stage 1 | 32 |
| KDIGO stage 2 | 16 |
| KDIGO stage 3 | 17 |
| Received renal replacement therapy during study period, % | 10 |
| Ever delirious during study period, % | 75 |
| Ever comatose during study period, % | 60 |
| ICU length of stay, d | 5 (2–11) |
| Hospital length of stay, d | 10 (6–17) |
| Hospital mortality, % | 16 |
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; CHF = congestive heart failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU = intensive care unit; KDIGO = Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Results expressed as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified.
Including colonic, ears/nose/throat, gastric, gynecologic, hepatobiliary, orthopedic, transplant, urologic, and vascular surgeries.
Including respiratory failure caused by pulmonary edema, embolus, and fibrosis.
Including altered mental status and upper airway obstruction.
Including status epilepticus and other neurologic diagnoses.
Including gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic failure, malignancy, and metabolic disorders.
Weight recorded by the ICU team at admission was used to calculate weight-based doses of sedatives.