Table 1.
Participant demographics of control (C), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) groups tested at time point 1 (T1) and time point 2 (T2).
| C (N = 20) | PD (N = 21) | MSA (N = 11) | Test statistics [pa] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (T1) | Age, mean (±SD) [range] | 57.6 (±10.5) [41–80] | 63.4 (±10.0) [45–78] | 62.3 (±9.4) [39–74] | F(2, 49) = 1.84 [p = 0.17] |
| Gender, No. female (%) | 9 (45%) | 8 (38%) | 3 (27%) | Fischer = 0.025 [p = 0.66] | |
| H&Y, mean (±SD) [range] | 0.0 (±0.0)b [0.0–0.0] | 1.7 (±0.7) [1.0–3.5] | 3.1 (±1.0) [1.5–5.0] | F(2, 40) = 50.12 [p < 0.001] | |
| UPDRS-T, mean (±SD) [range] | 2.6 (±3.0)b [0–9] | 36.5 (±16.3) [12–75] | 52.8 (±15.5) [29–91] | F(2, 40) = 37.47 [p < 0.001] | |
| UPDRS-M, mean (±SD) [range] | 0.6 (±1.3)b [0–4] | 22.1 (±10.4) [7–43] | 29.5 (±9.7) [15–47] | F(2, 40) = 33.21 [p < 0.001] | |
| MoCA, mean (±SD) [range] | 28.6 (±1.6)b [26–30] | 27.1 (±3.2) [18–30] | 24.6 (±4.2) [16–29] | F(2, 40) = 4.50 [p = 0.017] | |
| UPSIT, mean (±SD) [range] | 37.3 (±1.2)b [35–39] | 22.4 (±6.6) [12–29] | 29.7 (±6.7)c [13–38] | F(2, 39) = 24.48 [p < 0.001] | |
| Duration of disease in years, mean (±SD) | n/a | 6.9 (±3.2) [2–14] | 5.2 (±1.8) [3.5–10] | F(1, 30) = 2.53 [p = 0.12] | |
| (N = 5) | (N = 9) | (N = 6) | |||
| Repeat tested participants (T2) | Age, mean (±SD) [range] | 60.3 (±11.0) [42–72] | 62.1 (±12.2) [45–78] | 62.3 (±12.2) [40–75] | F(2, 17) = 0.05 [p = 0.95] |
| Gender, No. female (%) | 2 (40%) | 3 (33%) | 1 (17%) | Fischer = 0.13 [p = 0.70] | |
| H&Y, mean (±SD) [range] | 0.0 (±0.0) [0.0–0.0] | 1.6 (±0.6) [1.0–2.5] | 2.8 (±0.5) [2.0–3.5] | F(2, 17) = 46.72 [p < 0.001] | |
| UPDRS-T, mean (±SD) [range] | 4.4 (±5.7) [0–12] | 33.8 (±13.8)d [17–59] | 53.3 (±13.2) [33–69] | F(2, 16) = 22.61 [p < 0.001] | |
| UPDRS-M, mean (±SD) [range] | 0.4 (±0.9) [0–2] | 23.3 (±8.9) [13–37] | 31.3 (±9.1) [22–46] | F(2, 17) = 22.46 [p < 0.001] | |
H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; UPDRS-T, UPDRS Total; UPDRS-M, UPDRS Motor; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.
ap Values (p) comparing among groups using one way analysis of variance (for gender: Fischer’s exact test).
bNine data points missing.
cOne data point missing.
dOne data point missing.