Table 4.
Association between quintiles of normalized biomarker concentrations and the risk of all-cause death
| Biomarker | Events | Unadjusted | Model 1: Demographica Adjusted | Model 2: Model 1+ACR+eGFR | Model 3: Model 2+CVD Risk Factorsb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIM-1/Cr, ng/g | |||||
| ≤661 | 53 (17) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| >661–1112 | 51 (17) | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.42) | 0.99 (0.68 to 1.46) | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.26) | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.17) |
| >1112–1831 | 86 (29) | 1.72 (1.22 to 2.43) | 1.74 (1.23 to 2.45) | 1.31 (0.92 to 1.87) | 1.13 (0.78 to 1.62) |
| >1831–2990 | 106 (37) | 2.17 (1.56 to 3.02) | 2.10 (1.50 to 2.94) | 1.40 (0.98 to 1.99) | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.73) |
| >2990 | 144 (55) | 3.30 (2.41 to 4.52) | 3.28 (2.36 to 4.55) | 1.86 (1.28 to 2.71) | 1.56 (1.06 to 2.31) |
| Per SD | 1.59 (1.44 to 1.76) | 1.60 (1.44 to 1.78) | 1.30 (1.14 to 1.47) | 1.21 (1.06 to 1.39) | |
| NGAL/Cr, mcg/g | |||||
| ≤2.63 | 46 (15) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| >2.63–8.40 | 77 (26) | 1.73 (1.20 to 2.50) | 1.61 (1.12 to 2.33) | 1.40 (0.97 to 2.03) | 1.47 (1.01 to 2.15) |
| >8.4–20.2 | 69 (23) | 1.53 (1.05 to 2.22) | 1.42 (0.98 to 2.08) | 1.04 (0.70 to 1.53) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.66) |
| >20.2–64.07 | 108 (38) | 2.54 (1.80 to 3.59) | 2.56 (1.80 to 3.66) | 1.46 (0.99 to 2.15) | 1.48 (1.00 to 2.21) |
| >64.07 | 140 (52) | 3.56 (2.55 to 4.97) | 3.82 (2.69 to 5.41) | 1.66 (1.10 to 2.52) | 1.82 (1.19 to 2.80) |
| Per SD | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.68) | 1.59 (1.44 to 1.75) | 1.20 (1.06 to 1.36) | 1.22 (1.07 to 1.39) | |
| L-FABP/Cr, mcg/g | |||||
| Undetectable | 48 (19) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Below LLD | 63 (22) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.68) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.68) | 1.02 (0.70 to 1.49) | 0.99 (0.67 to 1.46) |
| <9.68 | 86 (27) | 1.42 (1.00 to 2.02) | 1.36 (0.95 to 1.94) | 1.23 (0.86 to 1.75) | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.71) |
| ≥9.68–<33.8 | 94 (31) | 1.67 (1.18 to 2.37) | 1.53 (1.08 to 2.18) | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42) | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.37) |
| ≥33.8 | 149 (51) | 2.75 (1.99 to 3.81) | 2.71 (1.93 to 3.79) | 1.23 (0.84 to 1.81) | 1.18 (0.79 to 1.76) |
| Per SD | n/p | n/p | n/p | n/p | n/p |
| NAG/Cr, U/g | |||||
| ≤2.08 | 49 (16) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| >2.08–3.33 | 72 (24) | 1.5 (1.05 to 2.16) | 1.41 (0.97 to 2.03) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.66) | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) |
| >3.33–4.96 | 72 (25) | 1.58 (1.1 to 2.26) | 1.44 (1.00 to 2.07) | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.43) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.36) |
| >4.96–8.36 | 108 (38) | 2.47 (1.76 to 3.47) | 2.30 (1.63 to 3.25) | 1.30 (0.88 to 1.92) | 1.26 (0.84 to 1.87) |
| >8.36 | 139 (51) | 3.3 (2.38 to 4.57) | 3.26 (2.33 to 4.56) | 1.64 (1.08 to 2.49) | 1.36 (0.88 to 2.11) |
| Per SD | 1.45 (1.34 to 1.58) | 1.52 (1.39 to 1.67) | 1.28 (1.13 to 1.45) | 1.20 (1.04 to 1.37) | |
Data are frequency (rate per 1000 person-yr) or HR (95% confidence interval). ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; Cr, urinary creatinine; Ref, reference group; n/a, not applicable; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; L-FABP, liver fatty acid-binding protein; LLD, lower limit of detection; n/p, not possible; NAG, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase.
Demographic adjusted: age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical center.
CVD risk factors: diabetes mellitus, smoking, baseline CVD, systolic and diastolic BP, body mass index, LDL, HDL, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, statin, antiplatelet agents, aldosterone antagonists. Because of the many undetectable values of L-FABP/Cr, continuous analyses are unable to be computed and are not reported.