Table 1.
Cohort characteristics
| Cohort Characteristics | With Potentially Preventable HACsa | Without Potentially Preventable HACsa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics for All Patients | ||||
| No. of patients (%) | With CKD | 45,733 (100) | 4494 (9.8) | 41,239 (90.2) |
| No CKD | 490,816 (100) | 26,374 (5.4) | 464,442 (94.6) | |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | With CKD | 72 (14) | 74 (13) | 71 (15) |
| No CKD | 50 (22) | 61 (20) | 50 (22) | |
| Men, % | With CKD | 43.6 | 45.9 | 43.4 |
| No CKD | 50 | 51 | 49 | |
| Top three most responsible diagnoses (reason for admission) categories in patients with CKD, % | ||||
| Diseases of circulatory system | With CKD | 21 | 29 | 20 |
| No CKD | 12 | 23 | 11 | |
| Neoplasm | With CKD | 11 | 15 | 11 |
| No CKD | 9 | 17 | 9 | |
| Diseases of the digestive system | With CKD | 11 | 10 | 11 |
| No CKD | 14 | 13 | 14 | |
| Admission type, % (urgent) | With CKD | 70 | 67 | 71 |
| No CKD | 71 | 65 | 72 | |
| Medical admissionb | With CKD | 19,524 (54) | 1581 (45) | 17,943 (55) |
| No CKD | 208,926(57) | 9640 (46) | 199,286 (57) | |
| Surgical admissionb | With CKD | 16,275 (45) | 1928 (54) | 14,347 (44) |
| No CKD | 156,361 (42) | 10,966 (53) | 145,395 (42) | |
| Preventable HACs | ||||
| None (%) | With CKD | — | — | 41,239 (90.2) |
| No CKD | — | — | 464,442 (94.6) | |
| 1 | With CKD | — | 2861 (6.3) | — |
| No CKD | — | 18,083 (3.7) | — | |
| 2–3 | With CKD | — | 1231 (2.7) | — |
| No CKD | — | 6488 (1.3) | — | |
| 4–5 | With CKD | — | 284 (0.6) | — |
| No CKD | — | 1244 (0.2) | — | |
| >5 | With CKD | — | 118 (0.3) | — |
| No CKD | — | 599 (0.1) | — | |
| Nonpreventable HACs, % | With CKD | 2952 (6.5) | 1475 (32.8) | 1477 (3.6) |
| No CKD | 16,830 (3.4) | 7139 (27.0) | 9691 (2.1) | |
| CKD category, %c (only CKD cohort) | Moderate risk | 26,930 (58.9) | 2249 (54.1) | 24,501 (59.4) |
| High risk | 12,364 (27.0) | 1287 (28.7) | 11,077 (26.8) | |
| Very high risk | 6439 (14.1) | 778 (17.3) | 5661 (13.7) | |
| LOS mean (SD) [25th–75th percentile] | With CKD | 10 (20) [2–11] | 23 (30) [7–29] | 9 (17) [2–9] |
| No CKD | 7 (21) [2–6] | 20 (35) [6–23] | 6 (19) [1–6] | |
| LOS median | With CKD | 5 | 13 | 5 |
| No CKD | 3 | 11 | 3 | |
| Mortality in index hospitalization, % | With CKD | 2315 (5.1) | 790 (17.7) | 1525 (3.7) |
| No CKD | 8858 (1.8) | 2884 (11.0) | 5974 (1.3) | |
| Mortality from discharge to 90 d, % | With CKD | 2228 (5.0) | 304 (6.8) | 1978 (4.8) |
| No CKD | 10,034 (2.0) | 1085 (4.1) | 8049 (1.9) | |
| All-cause readmission within 90 d | With CKD | 11,281 (24.7) | 1326 (29.5) | 9955 (24.1) |
| No CKD | 85,816 (17.5) | 7027 (26.4) | 78,710 (17.0) | |
HAC, hospital-acquired complication; —, not applicable; LOS, length of stay.
a
P value <0.001 in all characteristics between patients with and without potentially preventable HACs.
b
Some admissions could not be classified as medical/surgical.
c
Using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes risk classification.