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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 20.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Chem Biol. 2016 Nov 7;13(1):46–53. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.2229

Figure 1. Val-boroPro is cytotoxic to monocytes and macrophages.

Figure 1

a, The structure of Val-boroPro. b,c, The effects of Val-boroPro (2 μM, 24 h) on IL-1β expression and secretion in THP-1 macrophages as determined by immunoblotting (b) and ELISA (c). Full gel images are shown in Supplementary Figure 12. d, Val-boroPro induces the release of LDH from THP-1 macrophages. e, Profiles of the sensitivities of various cell lines to Val-boroPro. f, g, Val-boroPro induces LDH release from primary mouse BMDMs (f) and primary human PBMCs (g). In c-g, data are means ± SEM of three biological replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by two-sided Student’s t-test for DMSO versus Val-boroPro-treated cells. ext, extract; sup, supernatant; VbP, Val-boroPro.