Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Foot or ankle tophi | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Absent | Present | ||
| N | 35 | 22 | |
| Male, n (%) | 31 (89%) | 19 (86%) | 0.81 |
| Age, years | 60 (14) | 60 (12) | 0.89 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33 (8) | 33 (6) | 0.68 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| European, n (%) | 11 (31%) | 6 (27%) | 0.26 |
| Māori, n (%) | 8 (23%) | 3 (14%) | |
| Pacific, n (%) | 13 (37%) | 13 (59%) | |
| Asian, n (%) | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 14 (40%) | 7 (32%) | 0.53 |
| Stage 3 or worse chronic kidney disease, n (%)a | 19 (54%) | 17 (77%) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 26 (74%) | 16 (73%) | 0.90 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 12 (34%) | 6 (27%) | 0.58 |
| Gout disease duration, years | 11 (10) | 25 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Gout flares in previous 3 months | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.55 |
| Serum urate, mmol/L | 0.41 (0.13) | 0.39 (0.13) | 0.58 |
| Urate lowering therapy, n (%) | 31 (89%) | 21 (96%) | 0.59 |
| Total foot tophus count | 0 (0) | 4.6 (5.6) | 0.001 |
| Total body tophus count | 1.7 (4.6) | 12.9 (12.8) | 0.001 |
| Foot pain VAS, mm | 5.7 (30.4) | 15.5 (38.5) | 0.05 |
| Global pain VAS, mm | 12.4 (27.9) | 14.4 (35.5) | 0.74 |
| Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index | 10.6 (12.5) | 16.6 (15.8) | 0.044 |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. aDefined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73mm2; bFor those in employment; Bolded P values indicate significant difference between groups at P < 0.05. BMI body mass index, VAS visual analogue scale