Table 3.
Association between tophus location at each site in the foot and ankle and muscle forcea
| Least-squares mean (SD) | Diff. | 95% CI | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tophus location | Absent | Present | Lower | Upper | |||
| Plantarflexion force | Hallux | 91.3 (30.2) | 72.1 (29.4) | 19.1 | −2.6 | 40.9 | 0.083 |
| Lesser Toes | 92.2 (30.1) | 77.5 (29.4) | 14.7 | −0.9 | 30.3 | 0.065 | |
| First MTP | 91.0 (30.4) | 77.7 (29.8) | 13.4 | −6.1 | 32.8 | 0.175 | |
| Lesser MTPs | 89.6 (30.5) | 100.0 (29.3) | −10.3 | −52.3 | 31.6 | 0.627 | |
| Midfoot | 89.4 (30.4) | 101.6 (29.8) | −12.3 | −42.4 | 17.9 | 0.422 | |
| Heel | 89.3 (30.3) | 117.5 (28.6) | −28.2 | −69.6 | 13.2 | 0.177 | |
| Achilles | 94.2 (29.1) | 65.1 (29.3) | 29.1 | 13.2 | 45.0 | <0.001 | |
| Dorsiflexion force | Hallux | 68.1 (26.8) | 47.9 (25.8) | 20.2 | 1.1 | 39.3 | 0.038 |
| Lesser Toes | 67.9 (27.3) | 59.5 (26.8) | 8.4 | −5.8 | 22.6 | 0.243 | |
| First MTP | 66.5 (27.5) | 67.3 (27.0) | −0.7 | −18.4 | 16.9 | 0.933 | |
| Lesser MTPs | 66.9 (27.4) | 52.3 (26.3) | 14.6 | −23.1 | 52.3 | 0.444 | |
| Midfoot | 66.0 (27.3) | 81.4 (26.8) | −15.4 | −42.6 | 11.7 | 0.262 | |
| Heel | 66.1 (27.2) | 94.8 (27.2) | −28.7 | −68.0 | 10.6 | 0.149 | |
| Achilles | 69.4 (27.1) | 51.2 (27.1) | 18.2 | 3.4 | 32.9 | 0.016 | |
| Inversion force | Hallux | 53.4 (19.1) | 46.4 (18.8) | 7.1 | −6.8 | 21.0 | 0.314 |
| Lesser Toes | 53.7 (19.1) | 48.7 (18.4) | 5.0 | −4.8 | 14.9 | 0.311 | |
| First MTP | 53.0 (19.2) | 52.2 (18.8) | 0.8 | −11.5 | 13.1 | 0.899 | |
| Lesser MTPs | 53.0 (19.1) | 48.6 (18.3) | 4.4 | −21.9 | 30.6 | 0.742 | |
| Midfoot | 52.3 (18.9) | 66.4 (18.4) | −14.1 | −32.7 | 4.6 | 0.137 | |
| Heel | 52.4 (18.8) | 72.4 (16.8) | −20.0 | −44.4 | 4.4 | 0.106 | |
| Achilles | 54.9 (18.6) | 40.9 (18.8) | 14.0 | 3.8 | 24.2 | 0.008 | |
| Eversion force | Hallux | 51.5 (18.2) | 43.7 (17.4) | 7.8 | −5.1 | 20.8 | 0.233 |
| Lesser Toes | 50.9 (18.3) | 50.9 (18.0) | 0.0 | −9.5 | 9.6 | 0.997 | |
| First MTP | 50.9 (18.3) | 50.6 (18.0) | 0.3 | −11.4 | 12.0 | 0.962 | |
| Lesser MTPs | 50.9 (18.3) | 48.9 (17.6) | 2.0 | −23.2 | 27.2 | 0.875 | |
| Midfoot | 50.6 (18.2) | 58.7 (17.9) | −8.2 | −26.3 | 10.0 | 0.374 | |
| Heel | 50.7 (18.2) | 63.2 (18.6) | −12.5 | −39.5 | 14.4 | 0.355 | |
| Achilles | 53.4 (17.7) | 37.0 (17.6) | 16.4 | 6.8 | 26.0 | 0.001 | |
aResults are presented adjusted for gout disease duration, age and foot pain VAS. Bolded P values indicate significant difference between groups at Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of P < 0.0125. Diff. Difference in least-squares mean between the two groups, CI confidence interval