Table 1.

Molecular Changes with Force

Parameter altered by force	Protein Examples	Force Generated by	Experimental determination
Enzyme Activity	Titin3, FAK4	Myosin Contraction	Conventional Biochemistry methods: Cloning, Knock‐down, Enzymatics, etc.5 Live Cell Imaging Techniques(e.g., Single Molecule Imaging, FRET, FRAP)6, 7, 8 Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)9, 10 Single‐molecule force spectroscopy11, 12 Traction Force Microscopy(TFM)13, 14 PDMS Micropillar Arrays15, 31 Substrate Regidity/Morphology Manupulation16 Laser Ablation17 Molecular Dynamics18
Expose binding sites	Talin‐vinculin6, 10, 19 Fibronectin20 α‐catenin21, 22 FilaminA23, 24 α‐actinin‐zyxin17	Actin flow
Break bonds	Integrin Adhesions25	Cytoskeletal contractions
Protein Curvature	BAR Proteins26	Membrane tension
Expose Substrate sites	P130Cas14	Actin polymerization
Membrane curvature	BAR Proteins27	Membrane Tension,
Ion Channel	Ca2+Sensitive K+ channe(BK Channel)l16, Piezo1 and Piezo228	Actin polymerization