Figure 1.

Stimuli and task for Experiment 1. We employed a 2 × 2 design to study the effect of expectation on repetition priming. Two trial types, repetitions (rep) and nonrepetitions (nonrep) were embedded in either repetition (REP) or nonrepetition (NONREP) blocks. 80% of the trials in REP blocks were repetitions, whereas 20% of the trials in NONREP blocks were repetitions. Participants were instructed to respond on each trial whether the two photographs depicted the same or two different individuals as quickly and accurately as possible. The photographs were kindly provided by Mareike Grotheer and Guyla Kovács.