Table 7.
Hierarchical logistic regression results for the land-based and online samples.
| Overall sample (N = 2,030) | Online sample (N = 1,000) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | OR | B | SE | OR | |
| BACKGROUND VARIABLES (STEP 1) | ||||||
| Gender (base = male) | 0.03 | 0.30 | 1.03 | −0.13 | 0.22 | 0.88 |
| Age (base = low) | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
| Education Level (base = high) | 0.26 | 0.17 | 1.29 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 1.09 |
| Income (base = low) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 1.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 |
| VARIABLES RELATED TO GAMBLING (STEP 2) | ||||||
| ERR_BEL (base = low) | 0.14 | 0.12 | 1.15 | 0.40*** | 0.10 | 1.49 |
| SYMB_M (base = low) | 0.09 | 0.18 | 1.09 | −0.21 | 0.16 | 0.81 |
| ECON_M (base = low) | −0.23 | 0.18 | 0.80 | −0.09 | 0.15 | 0.91 |
| HEDO_M (base = low) | 1.18*** | 0.22 | 3.26 | 0.35* | 0.16 | 1.42 |
| RISK (base = low) | 0.25* | 0.13 | 1.28 | 0.05** | 0.01 | 1.05 |
| IMPULS (base = low) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.02 | 0.06** | 0.02 | 1.06 |
| FAMIL (base = no) | 1.60*** | 0.45 | 4.96 | 1.47*** | 0.25 | 4.34 |
| REG_SE (base = high) | 1.26*** | 0.24 | 3.54 | 1.34*** | 0.18 | 3.82 |
| AV_SE (base = high) | 0.37 | 0.24 | 1.45 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.76 |
| Step 1 | Step 1 | |||||
| χ2(df) | 9.82(4), p = 0.044 | 7.80(4), p = 0.099 | ||||
| Hosmer and Lemershow test | χ2(df = 8) = 13.46, p = 0.097 | χ2(df = 8) = 7.10, p = 0.525 | ||||
| Nagelkerke R2 | 1.5% | 1.2% | ||||
| Classification accuracy | 94.9% | 79.2% | ||||
| Step 2 | Step 2 | |||||
| χ2(df) | 416.26(13), p < 0.001 | 353.24(13), p < 0.001 | ||||
| Hosmer and Lemershow test | χ2(df = 8) = 8.35, p = 0.400 | χ2(df = 8) = 8.35, p = 0.400 | ||||
| Nagelkerke R2 | 57.9% | 46.5% | ||||
| Classification accuracy | 96.4% | 84.2% | ||||
Dependent Variable, Gambling Severity Classification (0 = non-problematic gambler, 1 = at risk or problematic gamblers). B, Logistic regression coefficient; SE, Standard error of the logistic regression coefficient; OR, Odds Ratio; C.I., Confidence interval; ERR_BEL, Gamblers erroneous beliefs; SYMB_M, Symbolic motives for gambling; ECON_M, Economic motives for gambling; HEDO_M, Hedonic motives for gambling; RISK, Risk Taking; IMPULS, Impulsiveness; FAMIL, Having one or both parents who are or used to be excessive gamblers; REG_SE, Self-efficacy in self-regulating gaming behavior; AV_SE, Self-efficacy in avoiding gambling behavior;
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01 and
***
p < 0.001.