Figure 3. The Cerebellum and Linguistic Prediction.

(A) The predictability of visually presented sentences can be high. (B) A small region in right posterior lateral cerebellum was more active in the high predictable condition compared to when predictability was reduced by scrambling the order of the presented words [82]. If the expected ending of the sentence was violated (“Two plus two is apple”), a broad, bilateral region of the cerebellar cortex was activated. (C, contrast between incongruent and scrambled trials). (D,E) Evidence that right posterior lateral cerebellum is causally involved in linguistic prediction [83]. The latency advantage in fixating the object of the predictable spoken sentences compared to unpredictable control sentences was significantly reduced after rTMS to the right lateral cerebellum. Illustrations adapted and reprinted with permissions.