Table 1.
History of glycosaminoglycan assay.
| Year | Description | First.author(s) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1856 | Discovery of toluidine blue | Perkin W.H. | [48] |
| 1897 | Development of mass spectrometry | Thomson J.J. | [129] |
| 1956 | Use of alcian blue for staining of acidic carbohydrates | Mowry et al. | [184] |
| 1956 | Use of alcian blue for mucopolysaccharidoses | Runoe et al. | [185] |
| 1969 | Development of GAG thin layer chromatography (TLC) | Teller et al. | [55] |
| 1971 | Spot test azure A dye staining of GAGs | Berman ER | [187] |
| 1974 | Analysis of GAGs with DMB | Humbel et al. | [74] |
| 1974 | Separation of urinary GAGs through gas chromatography | Murphy et al. | [90] |
| 1978 | GAG purification with paper chromatography | Sato et al. | [54] |
| 1983 | Separation of GAGs using paper thin chromatography | Rajendra V. | [53] |
| 1985 | HPLC for heparin | Rice et al. | [92] |
| 1993 | ELISA for C4S/C6S/DS | Shibutani et al. | [123] |
| 1994 | ELISA for KS | Møller et al. | [118] |
| 1996 | GAGs through capillary electrophoresis | Linhardt et al. | [97] |
| 1997 | ELISA for HS | Najjam et al. | [121] |
| 2001 | Single GAG measurement by LC-MS/MS | Oguma et al. | [45–47] |
| 2007 | Multiple GAG assay in plasma/serum or urine | Oguma et al. | [146–147] |
| 2010 | KS levels in plasma of MPS patients | Tomatsu et al. | [188] |
| 2011 | Methanolysis reaction for GAGs | Auray-Blais et al.; Zhang et al. | [155,158] |
| 2012 | ELISA for hyaluronic acid | Yang et al. | [124] |
| 2012 | HPLC-MS/MS for HS | Ruijter et al. | [186] |
| 2012 | Use of non-reducing ends of GAGs as biomarkers | Lawrence et al. | [154] |
| 2013 | Newborn screening for MPS measuring GAGs with LC-MS/MS | Tomatsu et al. | [150] |
| 2014 | Spectrometry for GAGs in cell lines | Kiselova et al. | [4] |
| 2014 | Methanolysis for animal tissue GAGs | Trim et al. | [159] |
| 2014 | Measurement of GAGs in articular cartilage and yellow ligament | Osago et al. | [152] |
| 2014 | Reversed-phase HPLC/MS for GAGs extracts | Zhu et al. | [145] |
| 2014 | Automated high-throughput mass spectrometry for HS | Shimada et al. | [153] |
TLC: thin layer chromatography; GAGs: glycosaminoglycans; DMM: dimethylmethylene blue; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; C4S: chondroitin-4sulfate; C6S: chondroitin-6-sulfate; DS: dermatan sulfate; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; KS: keratan sulfate; HS: heparan sulfate; LC/MS/MS: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid.