TABLE 1.
Cytokine | Producers | Receptor | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
IL-17A | rTH17, Tregs, CD8+ T cell, γδ T cell, TFH, NKT cell, ILC, neutrophil, Paneth cell, macrophage | IL-17RA/IL-17RC | Neutrophil recruitment [71, 72] Antimicrobial peptide production (e.g., S100A8, S100A9 [73]) Cytokine and chemokine production (e.g., G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL1 [74, 75]) Inhibits TH1 polarization [7] |
IL-17F | γδ T cell | IL-17RA/IL-17RC | Neutrophil recruitment [76] Cytokine and chemokine production (e.g., G-CSF, IL-6, CXCL1 [74, 75]) Lymphocyte and macrophage recruitment [18] Mucus hyperplasia in the lung [18] |
IL-21 | CD8+ T cell, TFH, NKT cell, neutrophil | IL-21R/γc | Cell proliferation, especially NK cells [22] Enhances TH17 responses [27] B cell class-switching [77] Regulatory B cell function [78] |
IL-22 | rTH17, CD8+ T cell,γδ T cell, NKT cell, ILC, neutrophil, macrophage | IL-22RA1/IL-10R2 | Antimicrobial peptide production (e.g., S100A8, S100A9, Reg3γ [73, 79]) Epithelial cell proliferation/transformation [43] Enhances mucosal barrier function [79] Inhibits epithelial apoptosis [46] |
IL-26 | ILCs | IL-20R1/IL-10R2 | Cytokine production (e.g., IL-8, IL-10 [55, 56]) Decreased epithelial proliferation [56] |
Reg3γ, Regenerating islet-derived protein 3 γ.