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| Muscle | Maximal force, Fmax (N) | Optimal length, Lopt (m) | kv | Vmax | Moment arm, R (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder Flexor (SF) | 420 | 0.185 | 2.1 | Δ∝1 ∙ RSF | 0.015 |
| Shoulder Extensor (SE) | 570 | 0.170 | 2.0 | Δ∝1 ∙ RSE | 0.008 |
| Elbow Flexor (EF) | 1010 | 0.180 | 1.7 | Δ∝2 ∙ REF | 0.035 |
| Elbow Extensor (EE) | 1880 | 0.055 | 1.7 | Δ∝2 ∙ REE | 0.021 |
| Biarticular Flexor (BF) | 460 | 0.130 | 2.0 | Δ∝1 ∙ RBFS + Δ∝2 ∙ RBFE | 0.020/0.036 |
| Biarticular Extensor (BE) | 630 | 0.150 | 2.1 | Δ∝1 ∙ RBES + Δ∝2 ∙ RBEE | 0.005/0.021 |
