Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Low back pain | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate (n=40) | Severe (n=79) | ||
| SLR*: Straight leg raising test | |||
| Age | 44.2±10.4 | 44.7±9.8 | 0.798 |
| Gender (Female, %) | 38 (95%) | 78 (98.7%) | 0.261 |
| Height | 158.3±6.2 | 157.8±5.4 | 0.637 |
| Body weight | 56.0±9.4 | 57.3±9.6 | 0.481 |
| VAS | 2.00±1.77 | 3.43±2.20 | 0.0005 |
| RDQ | 0.98±1.44 | 3.25±2.91 | <0.0001 |
| K6 | 4.2±3.3 | 3.9±3.8 | 0.775 |
| Athens | 5.1±2.8 | 4.8±2.8 | 0.530 |
| SSAS | 28.6±5.6 | 29.0±5.8 | 0.734 |
| Feeling in good posture | 2 (5%) | 8 (10.1%) | 0.492 |
| Shoulder discomfort | 25 (62.5%) | 52 (65.8%) | 0.839 |
| Knee pain | 11 (27.5%) | 20 (25.3%) | 0.827 |
| Numbness | 1 (2.5%) | 15 (19%) | 0.011 |
| Shoulder pain | 12 (30%) | 12 (15.2%) | 0.089 |
| Neck pain | 9 (22.5%) | 13 (32.5%) | 0.459 |
| Back pain | 8 (20%) | 10 (12.7%) | 0.294 |
| Pain in extremities | 3 (7.5%) | 6 (7.6%) | 1.000 |
| Headache | 7 (17.5%) | 23 (29.1%) | 0.188 |
| Spinal Mouse ® | |||
| Flexion (Th) | 50.8±11.9 | 47.6±20.8 | 0.366 |
| Flexion (L) | 38.2±16.5 | 42.1±19.3 | 0.281 |
| Flexion (S) | 42.8±20.5 | 43.1±16.2 | 0.928 |
| Extension (Th) | 21.8±19.6 | 22.1±21.5 | 0.950 |
| Extension (L) | –37.0±11.7 | –32.6±11.4 | 0.052 |
| Extension (S) | –2.1±10.2 | –2.2±8.4 | 0.967 |
| Thoracic spinal ROM | 29.1±18.2 | 25.4±31.3 | 0.495 |
| Lumbar spinal ROM | 74.6±20.6 | 74.5±18.4 | 0.966 |
| Sacral spinal ROM | 45.1±20.3 | 45.3±17.2 | 0.953 |
| Neutral (Th) | 39.1±13.0 | 34.0±25.8 | 0.239 |
| Neutral (L) | –21.8±10.1 | –19.1±11.4 | 0.212 |
| Neutral (S) | 6.8±8.4 | 10.2±41.9 | 0.612 |
| Flexion-Neutral (Th) | 11.4±14.8 | 13.6±36.1 | 0.708 |
| Flexion-Neutral (L) | 60.1±15.8 | 60.9±14.4 | 0.800 |
| Flexion-Neutral (S) | 36.2±18.8 | 33.0±45.5 | 0.676 |
| Neutral-Extension (Th) | 17.7±19.3 | 11.9±33.3 | 0.318 |
| Neutral-Extension (L) | 14.9±9.7 | 13.4±9.6 | 0.419 |
| Neutral-Extension (S) | 8.8±10.2 | 12.4±41.2 | 0.599 |
| Range of motion | |||
| Rt. SLR* | 72.1±12.1 | 73.3±11.6 | 0.619 |
| Rt. Hip flexion | 120.0±9.9 | 119.1±9.4 | 0.631 |
| Rt. Hip internal rotation | 43.4±11.6 | 41.7±10.5 | 0.438 |
| Rt. Shoulder flexion | 160.9±14.8 | 166.7±10.4 | 0.015 |
| Rt. Shoulder external rotation | 69.6±13.7 | 71.3±15.9 | 0.575 |
| Lt. SLR* | 71.0±14.1 | 73.2±10.8 | 0.348 |
| Lt. Hip flexion | 120.6±7.9 | 118.4±8.0 | 0.152 |
| Lt. Hip internal rotation | 43.1±12.7 | 42.6±11.5 | 0.81 |
| Lt. Shoulder flexion | 162.1±14.7 | 164.1±16.4 | 0.506 |
| Lt. Shoulder external rotation | 69.8±14.2 | 71.4±13.1 | 0.56 |