Table 3.
Detected halotolerant/halophilic microorganisms and their presence on historic mineral materials
| Phylum | Number of clones | Closely related genus | Similarity (%) | Material type | Salinity level of halophile occurrence* | Inhabitance on historic mineral materials (found in the literature) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agaricostilbomycetidae | nd | SterigmatomycesC | 100 | brick (B5–B7) paint-coated plaster (P1, P3) |
medium, high | nd |
|
| ||||||
| Firmicutes | nd | HalobacillusC | 100 | brick (B1–B7) paint-coated plaster (P4) |
low, medium, high | wall paintings (34) catacombs (31) |
| 2 | VirgibacillusC/NC | 100/99 | paint-coated plaster (P1–P2/P1) | low, medium, high | walls of well (46) catacombs (31) |
|
| 2 | MarinococcusC/NC | 100/95 | brick (B6/B6) | high | wall paintings (11) | |
| 4 | Staphylococcus C/NC | 98/99 | brick (B6–B7/B6) | medium, high | catacombs (31) wall paintings (11) |
|
| 2 | SalinicoccusNC | 96 | brick (B6) | high | nd | |
|
| ||||||
| Proteobacteria | 8 | SalinisphaeraNC | 96 | brick (B3) | medium | catacombs (31) medieval wall painting (29) |
| 4 | MarinobacterNC | 99 | brick (B3, B6) | medium, high | brick wall (16) | |
| 3 | HalomonasNC | 96 | brick (B1, B3, B6) | low, medium, high | catacombs (31) wall paintings (11) |
|
| 2 | HalorhodospiraNC | 96 | brick (B3) | medium, high | brick wall (11, 26) | |
|
| ||||||
| Actinobacteria | 2 | RubrobacterNC | 99 | brick (B1, B3, B6) paint-coated plaster (P1) |
low, medium, high | wall paintings (19, 29) |
| 3 | ||||||
| 1 | SalinibacteriumNC | 99 | brick (B3, B6) | medium, high | brick wall (16, 26) | |
|
| ||||||
| Bacteroidetes | 1 | SalinibacterNC | 94 | brick (B6) | high | nd |
| 2 | RubricoccusNC | 98 | brick (B3, B6) | medium, high | nd | |
nd—not detected
C
microorganisms detected by the culture-dependent method (16S rRNA gene sequencing)
NC
microorganisms detected by the culture-independent method (clone library construction)
*
total concentration of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate