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. 2017 Jun 20;7:3896. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04248-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Increased methylation of CpG island-associated regions (CGIR) occurs in lung cancer cell lines. (A) GC and CpG rich genomic elements, termed CpG islands are flanked by 2 kb shore and 2 kb shelf regions. Depending on their orientation on the chromosome from the p- to q-arm these regions are denoted as N- or S-shores and shelves respectively. (B) Methylation levels of CpGs (n = 485,577) in CGIR (CpG island and flanking regions) and in no CGIR in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEC) and in three lung cancer cell lines (A427, A549 and H322) as quantified by 450 K bisulfite bead chip arrays and depicted in violin plots. (C) Methylation levels of transcription start site (TSS ± 300 bp flanking regions) associated CpGs (n = 116,076) were analyzed according to their location in CGI regions (CGIR) and no CGIR. (D) Methylation of CpGs outside of TSS (±300 bp) were analyzed according to the position in CGIR and no CGIR.