Table 3. Immunomodulator Treatment.

Author (year)	Level of published evidence	No. of patients	Regimen	Outcome
Matsumura et al. (2010)25	Case report	1	• Tacrolimus serum level, 10–15 ng/mL • After 5 mo: 5–10 ng/mL	• Oral tacrolimus was effective for refractory intestinal BD. • Colonoscopy 33 mo after starting tacrolimus revealed complete disappearance of the ascending colon ulceration.
Jung et al. (2012)20	Retrospective	39	• AZA, 2.0–2.5 mg/kg (starting dose, 25 mg or 50 mg/day) • 6-MP, 1.0–1.5 mg/kg (starting dose, 0.5 mg/kg)	• 39 of the 67 patients (58.2%) constantly received thiopurines for maintaining medically or surgically induced remission. • Relapse rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 yr after remission were 5.8%, 28.7%, 43.7%, and 51.7%.
Hisamatsu et al. (2014)5	Japanese consensus statements	-	AZA, 25–50 mg/day	Japanese consensus statements (the 2nd) recommended thiopurines for refractory intestinal BD such as corticosteroid-dependent or -resistant patients.
Lee et al. (2015)21	Retrospective	77	After surgery: Thiopurine (n=27) • AZA, 2.0–2.5 mg/kg 6-MP, 1.0–1.5 mg/kg 5-ASA (n=50) • 5-ASA, 3–4 g/day	• Postoperative recurrence rate was lower in patients who received postoperative thiopurines (P=0.050). • The hazard ratio for recurrence was 0.636 (95% CI, 0.130–1.016; P=0.053) for postoperative thiopurine use compared with postoperative 5-ASA.
Park et al. (2015)23	Retrospective	83	• AZA, 2.0–2.5 mg/kg (6-MP dose was converted to equivalent AZA) • Starting AZA/6-MP dose, 1.0 mg/kg/day	Leukopenia (WBC count <4,000/µL) during thiopurine maintenance therapy was associated with prolonged remission in patients with IBD and BD during 6 yr.
Hatemi et al. (2016)3	Retrospective	37	AZA, 2.0–2.5 mg/kg/day	65% of patients obtained remission and did not relapse during a mean follow-up of 68.6±43.6 mo.

BD, Behçet's disease; AZA, azathioprine; 6-MP, 6-mercaptopurine; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; WBC, white blood cell.