Table 3.

Relationship of frequency of skipping breakfast and adjusted average annual change in each variable over 5 years

	Skipping breakfast (week−1)
	0	1–3		4–6		7
		Difference	p	Difference	p	Difference	p
Men
Differences in annual changes of body mass index (kg m−2)
Model 1	Reference	0.018	0.380	0.075	0.019	0.030	0.239
Model 2	Reference	0.010	0.559	0.060	0.026	0.046	0.022
Model 3	Reference	0.010	0.562	0.060	0.026	0.046	0.022
Model 4	Reference	0.010	0.560	0.061	0.025	0.046	0.022
Differences in annual changes of waist circumference (cm)
Model 1	Reference	0.049	0.442	0.198	0.034	0.213	0.006
Model 2	Reference	0.042	0.442	0.160	0.056	0.247	<0.001
Model 3	Reference	0.042	0.440	0.159	0.058	0.247	<0.001
Model 4	Reference	0.042	0.439	0.161	0.055	0.248	<0.001
Women
Differences in annual changes of body mass index (kg m−2)
Model 1	Reference	0.005	0.817	0.016	0.714	0.035	0.377
Model 2	Reference	−0.012	0.546	0.010	0.772	0.002	0.955
Model 3	Reference	−0.012	0.547	0.010	0.770	0.002	0.955
Model 4	Reference	−0.012	0.547	0.010	0.763	0.001	0.970
Differences in annual changes of waist circumference (cm)
Model 1	Reference	0.003	0.967	0.074	0.596	0.100	0.350
Model 2	Reference	−0.063	0.391	0.062	0.634	−0.012	0.900
Model 3	Reference	−0.063	0.389	0.063	0.625	−0.012	0.901
Model 4	Reference	−0.062	0.394	0.067	0.607	−0.015	0.883

Model 1, adjusted for age; model 2, adjusted for age, and baseline body mass index/waist circumference; model 3, adjusted for the variables using model 2 plus smoking status, alcohol consumption, and habitual exercise; model 4, adjusted for the variables using model 3 plus total energy intake (kcal day⁻¹) and medical treatment for hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus at baseline.