Table 3.

Comparison of concentrations of cytokines between groups.

	P value
	Control versus NDR	Control versus NPDR	Control versus PDR	NDR versus NPDR	NDR versus PDR	NPDR versus PDR
IL-1βa	1.000	0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.004∗∗	<0.001∗∗	1.000
IL-2b	0.975	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.034∗
IL-4b	0.798	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.101
IL-5b	0.794	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.048∗
IL-6a	1.000	0.046∗	<0.001∗∗	0.264	0.001∗∗	0.241
IL-10a	1.000	0.487	<0.001∗∗	1.000	0.001∗∗	0.051
IFN-γb	0.668	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.072
TNF-αb	0.186	0.041∗	0.006∗∗	<0.001∗∗	<0.001∗∗	0.362
VEGFb	0.955	0.112	<0.001∗∗	0.062	<0.001∗∗	0.001∗∗

^∗∗ P < 0.01; ^∗P < 0.05; ^aKolmogorov-Smirnov test; ^banalysis of variance; NDR: nondiabetic retinopathy; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy.