Table 2. Association of Total and Subsegmental Brain Region Size With Telomere Length and Age Among 1960 Patientsa.
| Subsegmental Brain Region | Telomere Length | Age | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β Level (SE) | P Value | Partial R2, % | β Level (SE) | P Value | Partial R2, % | |
| Frontal lobe | ||||||
| Pars opercularis | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.70 | −0.29 (0.02) | <.001 | 12.28 |
| Medial orbitofrontal | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.69 | −0.22 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.23 |
| Lateral orbitofrontal | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.96 | −0.21 (0.01) | <.001 | 9.06 |
| Paracentral lobule | 0.06 (0.02) | .005 | 0.48 | −0.23 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.39 |
| Pars orbitalis | 0.05 (0.02) | .01 | 0.37 | −0.23 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.30 |
| Precentral | 0.05 (0.02) | .01 | 0.41 | −0.24 (0.02) | <.001 | 10.34 |
| Superior frontal | 0.04 (0.02) | .03 | 0.29 | −0.31 (0.01) | <.001 | 18.03 |
| Rostral middle frontal | 0.03 (0.02) | .05 | NA | −0.29 (0.02) | <.001 | 14.94 |
| Frontal pole | 0.03 (0.02) | .27 | NA | −0.22 (0.02) | <.001 | 5.29 |
| Caudal middle frontal | 0.02 (0.02) | .31 | NA | −0.20 (0.02) | <.001 | 6.03 |
| Pars triangularis | 0.01 (0.02) | .67 | NA | −0.36 (0.02) | <.001 | 16.15 |
| Parietal lobe | ||||||
| Precuneus | 0.09 (0.02) | <.001 | 1.62 | −0.24 (0.02) | <.001 | 11.31 |
| Inferior parietal | 0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | 1.01 | −0.26 (0.02) | <.001 | 11.54 |
| Posterior central | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.92 | −0.21 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.73 |
| Superior parietal | 0.06 (0.02) | .002 | 0.60 | −0.22 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.48 |
| Supramarginal | 0.03 (0.02) | .07 | NA | −0.29 (0.02) | <.001 | 13.45 |
| Temporal lobe | ||||||
| Hippocampus | 0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.91 | −0.16 (0.02) | <.001 | 3.80 |
| Amygdala | 0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.78 | −0.19 (0.02) | <.001 | 4.63 |
| Inferior temporal | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.92 | −0.14 (0.02) | <.001 | 3.98 |
| Fusiform | 0.06 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.69 | −0.21 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.85 |
| Superior temporal | 0.05 (0.02) | .005 | 0.49 | −0.34 (0.02) | <.001 | 19.36 |
| Transverse temporal | 0.05 (0.02) | .01 | 0.38 | −0.31 (0.02) | <.001 | 13.25 |
| Middle temporal | 0.04 (0.02) | .01 | 0.40 | −0.24 (0.01) | <.001 | 12.58 |
| Bank superior temporal sulcusb | 0.04 (0.02) | .07 | NA | −0.26 (0.02) | <.001 | 9.79 |
| Entorhinal cortex | 0.03 (0.02) | .11 | NA | 0.03 (0.02) | .07 | NA |
| Parahippocampal gyrus | 0.02 (0.02) | .32 | NA | −0.14 (0.02) | <.001 | 2.47 |
| Temporal pole | 0.02 (0.02) | .36 | NA | −0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.78 |
| Occipital lobe | ||||||
| Lateral occipital | 0.05 (0.02) | .01 | 0.36 | −0.13 (0.02) | <.001 | 3.27 |
| Cuneus cortex | 0.01 (0.02) | .62 | NA | −0.18 (0.02) | <.001 | 4.98 |
| Pericalcarine | 0.01 (0.02) | .62 | NA | −0.17 (0.02) | <.001 | 3.95 |
| Lingual | 0.01 (0.02) | .62 | NA | −0.13 (0.02) | <.001 | 2.79 |
| Insula | 0.05 (0.02) | .003 | 0.56 | −0.25 (0.02) | <.001 | 12.09 |
| Cingulate gyrus | ||||||
| Posterior cingulate | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.92 | −0.27 (0.02) | <.001 | 12.15 |
| Rostral anterior | 0.06 (0.02) | .004 | 0.51 | −0.19 (0.02) | <.001 | 5.94 |
| Caudal anterior | 0.05 (0.02) | .02 | 0.31 | −0.12 (0.02) | <.001 | 1.98 |
| Isthmus of cingulate | 0.04 (0.02) | .02 | 0.30 | −0.21 (0.02) | <.001 | 7.16 |
| Deep nuclei | ||||||
| Thalamus | 0.08 (0.02) | <.001 | 1.26 | −0.31 (0.01) | <.001 | 18.54 |
| Ventral diencephalon | 0.06 (0.02) | <.001 | 0.68 | −0.21 (0.02) | <.001 | 8.83 |
| Caudate | 0.04 (0.02) | .05 | 0.24 | −0.12 (0.02) | <.001 | 2.12 |
| Nucleus accumbens | 0.04 (0.02) | .09 | NA | −0.27 (0.02) | <.001 | 8.87 |
| Putamen | 0.03 (0.02) | .15 | NA | −0.34 (0.02) | <.001 | 17.01 |
| Pallidum | 0.02 (0.02) | .22 | NA | −0.32 (0.02) | <.001 | 14.94 |
| Cerebellum | ||||||
| White matter | 0.06 (0.02) | .01 | 0.36 | −0.03 (0.02) | .14 | NA |
| Cortex | 0.03 (0.02) | .17 | NA | −0.21 (0.02) | <.001 | 6.86 |
| Cerebral | ||||||
| White matter | 0.04 (0.01) | .002 | 0.59 | −0.15 (0.01) | <.001 | 8.09 |
| Cortex | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 | 1.16 | −0.30 (0.01) | <.001 | 17.26 |
| Inferior lateral ventricle | –0.06 (0.02) | .01 | 0.38 | 0.24 (0.02) | <.001 | 6.99 |
| Lateral ventricle | –0.03 (0.02) | .17 | NA | 0.37 (0.02) | <.001 | 17.07 |
| Total cerebral volumec | 0.06 (0.01) | <.001 | 1.38 | –0.24 (0.01) | <.001 | 20.20 |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
Covariates in the multivariable model include age, sex, race/ethnicity, telomere length, and total cranial volume. The effect size of telomere length (β level) is reported as the mean difference in each regional brain size associated with a 1-SD unit difference in telomere length. The β coefficients for age correspond to the mean differences in each regional brain size per 10 years of age. P values for telomere length and age have been corrected for multiple comparisons.
FreeSurfer (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) term for the banks of the superior temporal sulcus.
Total cerebral volume includes all subregional brain volumes, excluding the ventricles and cerebellum. The P values for the association of telomere length and age with total cerebral volume were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.