Figure 7.

Effect of boundary constraints on autonomous folding. (A) An epithelial sheet under horizontal compression by the surrounding tissues (gray). (B and C) Tissue deformation under compression (N_c = 5, N = 13) for local apical (left) or basal-lateral modulation (right). The values for curvature κ and the aspect ratio γ of the folded area are measured in (D) and (F), and (E) and (G), respectively. The parameter values are K_s = 1.0, F = −0.17, and others are given in Fig. 6. To see this figure in color, go online.