Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Variables by Glucose Status
| Characteristics N (%) or mean ± SD |
Normal glucose N=473 |
Prediabetesa N=158 |
Type 2 Diabetesb N=44 |
Total N=675 |
p-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 12.4 ± 2.7 | 13.0 ± 2.5 | 13.8 ± 2.5 | 12.6 ± 2.7 | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 116 (24.5%) | 52 (32.9%) | 27 (61.4%) | 195 (28.9%) | <.001 |
| Male | 357 (75.5%) | 106 (67.1%) | 17 (38.6%) | 480 (71.1%) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White non-Hispanic | 127 (26.8%) | 47 (29.7%) | 17 (38.6%) | 191 (28.3%) | 0.009 |
| Hispanic | 327 (69.1%) | 95 (60.1%) | 23 (52.3%) | 445 (65.9%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 19 (4.0%) | 16 (10.1%) | 4 (9.1%) | 39 (5.8%) | |
| Anthropomorphic | |||||
| Height (cm) | 158.6 ± 14.1 | 161.6 ± 12.9 | 163.2 ± 11.6 | 159.6 ± 13.7 | 0.012 |
| Weight (kg) | 82.3 ± 25.5 | 88.4 ± 24.7 | 96.3 ± 26.6 | 84.6 ± 25.7 | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.0 ± 6.4 | 33.3 ± 5.9 | 35.5 ± 6.1 | 32.5 ± 6.3 | <.001 |
| BMI Z-score | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.250 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103.1 ± 15.5 | 106.5 ± 14.3 | 112.9 ± 16.6 | 104.5 ± 15.5 | <.001 |
| Blood Pressure | |||||
| Systolic BP | 121 (14) | 123 (14) | 126 (11) | 122 (14) | 0.027 |
| Diastolic BP | 68 (10) | 68 (9) | 71 (8) | 68 (10) | 0.108 |
| Liver enzymes | |||||
| ALT (U/L) | 106 (84) | 114 (91) | 114 (136) | 108 (90) | 0.572 |
| AST (U/L) | 63 (48) | 68 (54) | 72 (65) | 65 (51) | 0.33 |
| GGT (U/L) | 45 (32) | 47 (36) | 61 (44) | 46 (34) | 0.018 |
| Serum chemistries | |||||
| Serum Glucose (mg/dL) | 85 (8) | 93 (12) | 113 (53) | 88 (17) | <.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 3.8 | 5.5 ± 1.2 | <.001 |
| Serum insulin (uU/mL) | 32 (42) | 40 (47) | 43 (41) | 35 (44) | 0.072 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 39 (9) | 39 (9) | 38 (11) | 39 (9) | 0.966 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100 (30) | 101 (30) | 109 (32) | 101 (30) | 0.255 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167 (39) | 169 (38) | 183 (36) | 169 (38) | 0.060 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145 (83) | 150 (82) | 196 (132) | 149 (87) | 0.002 |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index, ALT=alanine aminotransferase, AST=aspartate aminotransferase, GGT=gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HbA1c= Hemoglobin A1C, HDL=high-density lipoprotein, LDL=low-density lipoprotein.
a
Prediabetes defined as 1) fasting serum glucose between 100 mg/dL and 125 mg/dL; or 2) HbA1c ≥ 5.7 % and < 6.5 %
b
Type 2 diabetes defined as 1) fasting serum glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL; 2) HbA1C ≥ 6.5%; or 3) existing clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
c
p-values are calculated based on F-test for continuous variables, and a X2 test for categorical variables.