Table 1.
Current and Novel Biomarkers, Imaging Techniques, and Endoscopic Methods for Screening Patients at High Risk for PDAC
| Current Methods | Methods in Development | |
|---|---|---|
| Biomarkers | Cancer antigen 19-9 | Plectin-1 |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen | Glypican-1 | |
| Serum glucose | Three-biomarker panel in urine | |
| Amylase and lipase | ||
| Imaging Techniques | Computed tomography | Single-source, dual-energy, spectral MDCT |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | Hybrid positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance imaging | |
| Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography | Iterative reconstruction algorithm on MDCT | |
| Endoscopic Methods | Endoscopic ultrasound | Contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS |
| EUS elastography | ||
| EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration and pancreatic juice sampling | ||
| Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy | ||
| Duodenal spectroscopy |
EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; MDCT, multidetector computed tomography; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.