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. 2017 Jun 21;7:3979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03729-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantum dot preparation and nanoparticle characterization. (a) Schematic demonstrating the ligand exchange method used to alter the surface coating on commercial QDs. Ligand exchange methods are used to coat QD with hydrophilic ligands to make them water soluble and to alter surface charge. (b) Characterization of NPs using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM was used to qualitatively evaluate NP size and agglomeration of various NPs purchased from vendors.