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. 2017 Jun 21;7:3979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03729-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Co-challenge experiments with Methoxy PEG-QD, DHLA-QD, organic (lipophilic) QDs and PEI-QD. (a) Mice were sensitized to 0.05% DNFB. In the challenge phase, the right ear was exposed to 0.2% DNFB alone and the left ear was co-challenged with 0.2% DNFB + QD combinations. GSH-QD (negative charge), DHLA-QD (negative charge), Methoxy PEG-QD (neutral charge) and organic QD all inhibited the ear swelling response (p = 0.01, p = 0.02, p = 0.07 and p = 0.005 respectively). PEI-QD with a positive charge did not inhibit the ear swelling response (p = 0.42). Mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, 2 tailed t-Test, paired with unequal variances, N = 3. (b) These mice were followed for a month after the challenge phase. The right ear treated with 0.2% DNFB forms scabs 72 hours after challenge and the ear necrotic after 4 weeks. The groups in which the QD inhibited the ear swelling response, the left ear is intact after a month. PEI-QD did not inhibit the swelling response so the left ear is necrotic as shown in the gross image.