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. 2017 Jun 21;7:3992. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04382-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in HR and MAP in the Groups C, E and V. HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; Epidural-15, 15 min after epidural or intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine; BIS-50, at the time of the BIS level of 50; Lebti, the time before tracheal intubation; Intubation-1, 1 min after intubation; Extubation-1, 1 min after extubation. Measurements were recorded at baseline, Epidural-15, BIS-50, Lebti, Intubation-1, and Extubation-1. * compared with Group C, p < 0.01; # compared with baseline, p < 0.01; & compared with Group C, p < 0.05.