Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and surgical aspects of the included patients in all groups.
| Group C (n = 24) | Group E (n = 24) | Group V(n = 23) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 57 ± 8 | 55 ± 12 | 58 ± 12 | 0.711 |
| Male Sex (%) | 41.7 | 45.8 | 39.1 | 0.897 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 2.7 | 22.3 ± 3.2 | 21.7 ± 3.6 | 0.392 |
| ASA physical status (n) | 0.854 | |||
| I | 11 | 11 | 9 | |
| II | 10 | 12 | 12 | |
| III | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Lung function (L) | ||||
| FEV1 | 2.47 ± 0.74 | 2.59 ± 0.71 | 2.61 ± 0.76 | 0.788 |
| FVC | 3.09 ± 0.87 | 3.29 ± 0.85 | 3.17 ± 0.84 | 0.751 |
| SpO2 on room air | 96.7 ± 1.5 | 96.3 ± 2.4 | 96.5 ± 1.7 | 0.649 |
| Types of surgery (n) | 0.523 | |||
| Segment resection | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| Lobectomy | 16 | 13 | 10 | |
| Esophagectomy | 6 | 8 | 11 | |
| History of sedatives and analgesics (%) | 29.2 | 20.8 | 39.1 | 0.389 |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 161 ± 39 | 159 ± 56 | 151 ± 49 | 0.973 |
| Doses of aramine (mg) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.561 |
| The incidence of bradycardia (%) | 8.3 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 0.903 |
| The time to the first pethidine (min) | 153 ± 80 | 854 ± 459 | 528 ± 371 | <0.001 |
| The total dose of pethidine (mg) | 162 ± 106 | 88 ± 80 | 148 ± 95 | 0.018 |