Fig. 4.

Distinguishing between plasmon-induced carrier-assisted and photothermal heating for rWGS on Al@Cu₂O. a The measured EQE as a function of illumination wavelength for oxide-supported Al@Cu₂O compared to Al vs. illumination wavelength. b Numerically calculated local electric field strength |E(r)|² in Al core (left axis) and Cu₂O shell (right axis). c A simulated absorbed fraction in 100 nm diameter Al core, 15 nm thick Cu₂O shell and total structure placed on γ-Al₂O₃ in air. d Comparison between experimentally measured heat density and ensemble Monte-Carlo simulation vs. illumination wavelength for oxide-supported Al@Cu₂O nanoparticles in air. e, f The absorption efficiency of oxide-supported Al@Cu₂O nanoparticles at e 400 nm and f 800 nm obtained from ensemble Monte-Carlo calculation. The scales in e and f are based on the sample holder dimensions and volume of oxide-supported Al@Cu₂O nanoparticles loaded into the sample holder. The calculated heat density corresponding to 400 and 800 nm are assigned in d