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. 2017 Jun 21;7:3949. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04125-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sph-induced membrane permeability on POPC/SM/Chol vesicles with no pH gradient. (a,c) Sph-induced membrane permeability was evaluated upon adding 5 (white circles) and 10 (light grey circles) mol% of Sph, or ethanol (control, black circles) to POPC/SM/Chol vesicles displaying (upper panels) pH 7.4_in/7.4_out (Fig. 1b.3) and (lower panels) pH 5.0_in/5.0_out (Fig. 1c.3) containing Xl _o = 0.26. (b,d) Show the extent of Sph-induced leakage 25 minutes after adding 5 (white circles) and 10 (light grey circles) mol% of Sph, or ethanol (control, black circles). The values are the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. The lines act merely as guides to the eye.