Table 1.

Studies reporting the effect of inflammation on tau pathology.

Model	Challenge	Time to cull	Effect on tau	Kinases implicated	Reference
Primary neuronal and microglia cultures	LPS (30 ng/ml)	n/a	Tau phosphorylation (epitope not specified)	↑ P38 MAPK	Li et al. (2003)
Primary neuronal and microglia cultures	IL-1β (30 ng/ml)	n/a	Tau phosphorylation (epitope not specified)	–	Li et al. (2003)
3xTg-AD (Amyloid + Tau)	LPS (6 weeks, twice per week, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)	24 h	↑ pT231/pS235,	↑ CDK5,	Kitazawa et al. (2005)
			↑ pS202/pT205,	= GSK-3β,
			= pS396/404	= JNK,
				= p38 MAPK
3xTg-AD (Amyloid + Tau)	LPS (6 weeks, twice per week, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)	48 h	↓ Total tau,	↑ GSK-3β	Sy et al. (2011)
			↑ pS202/pT205,	= CDK5
			↑ pS214,
			↑ pT212/pS214,
			= pT212
			↑ pS396/404 containing insoluble tau
3xTg-AD (Amyloid + Tau)	MHV (i.p.)	2 weeks/4 weeks	↑ pS396/404	↑ GSK-3β,	Sy et al. (2011)
				↑ CDK5
rTg4510 (Tau)	LPS (10 μg, i.c.v)	1 weeks	↑ pS199/pS202,	–	Lee et al. (2010)
			↑ pS396,
			= Insoluble tau
hTau (Tau)	LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.)	24 h	↑ pS202/pT205,	–	Bhaskar et al. (2010)
			↑ pT231
C57BL/6 (WT)	LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.)	24 h	↑ pS202/pT205,	–	Bhaskar et al. (2010)
			↑ pT231,
			↑ pS396/404
C57BL/6 (WT)	LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.)	0–4 h	Transient: ↑ pS396/404,	↑ GSK-3β,	Roe et al. (2011)
				↑ CDK5,
				= ERK2,
				= JNK
			↑ pS202/pT205
3xTg-AD (Amyloid + Tau)	R-flurbiprofen (10 mg/kg, daily, 2 m, chow)	–	= pS202	–	Carreras et al. (2013)
			= ps202/pT205
			↓ ps396/404
3xTg-AD (Amyloid + Tau)	Ibuprofen (daily, 5 months, chow)	–	↓ ps202/pT205	–	McKee et al. (2008)
hTau (Tau)	Minocycline (10 mg/kg daily, 14d, i.p.)	2 h	↓ ps202,	–	Noble et al. (2009)
			↓ pS396/404
			↓ Insoluble tau

Bold indicates tau phosphorylation epitopes associated with post-tangle pathology (Augustinack et al., 2002).