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PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR cascades and the p53‐Akt network. (a) Schematic models of PI, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. (b) PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR cascade and the model of competitive Akt suppression by PHLDA3. (c) The Akt‐p53 pathway. Akt and p53 regulate each other. The molecules shown here are either oncoproteins or tumor suppressor proteins.
