Table 1. . Risk levels of other disorders resulting in grade A and B US Preventive Service's Task Force recommendations.
| Study (year) | USPSTF screening recommendations based on risk factors | Risk factors | Comparison | RR/OR (95% CI) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang (2006) | High blood pressure in adults: – Grade A: Screening should begin with all adults age 18 years or older. Adults aged 18–39 years should be screened every 3–5 years if BP is normal with no risk factors. Adults aged <40 years with risk factors or ≥40 years without risk factors should be screened annually Risk factors include high-normal BP, overweight or obese, or African–American |
High-normal BP (130–139/85–89 mmHg) Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) Obese (BMI ≥30 |
High-normal BP vs normal BP Overweight vs normal BMI Obese vs normal BMI |
†3.5 (3.0–4.1) †1.5 (1.1–1.8) †1.9 (1.5– 2.4) |
[33] |
| Mokdad (2003) | Lipid disorders in adults (cholesterol, dyslipidemia): – Grade A: Men aged ≥35 years and women aged ≥45 years should be routinely screened. Interval uncertain, but every 5 years is reasonable – Grade B: Men aged 20–35 years and women aged 20–45 years should be screened if they are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Interval uncertain, but every 5 years is reasonable |
Obesity BMI 30–39.9 Morbid obesity BMI 40–49.8 |
Obese vs normal BMI Morbidly obese vs normal BMI |
†1.9 (1.8– 2.0) †1.9 (1.7– 2.1) |
[34] |
| Kent (2010) Vardulaki (2000) |
AAA: – Grade B: Men aged 65–75 years who have ever smoked should undergo one-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography |
Gender Smoking history |
Male vs female Ever smoker vs never smoker |
†5.7 (5.6–5.9) †3.1 (2.1– 4.5) |
[35] [36] |
| Mokdad (2003) | Abnormal blood glucose and Type 2 diabetes screening: – Grade B: Adults aged 40–70 years who are overweight or obese should be screened for abnormal blood glucose as part of cardiovascular risk assessment every 3 years |
Overweight or obese | Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) vs normal BMI Obese (BMI 30–39.9) versus normal BMI Morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40) vs normal BMI |
†1.6 (1.5–1.7) †3.4 (3.2– 3.7) †7.4 (6.4– 8.5) |
[34] |
| Brose (2002) Pharoah (1997) |
Breast cancer: – Grade B: Women with a family history associated with an increased risk of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations should be referred for genetic counseling and evaluation for BRCA testing |
BRCA1 mutations Family history |
BRCA1 mutation carrier vs none carrier First-degree relative vs no relative |
6.1 (lifetime risk to age 70 years) 2.1 (2.0–2.2) |
[37] [38] |
| Pesch (2012) | Lung cancer: – Grade B: Adults aged 55–80 years with a 30-pack year history who currently smoke or quit smoking within 15 years should be screened annually for lung cancer with low-dose CT |
Smoking history | Men: current vs never Women: current vs never Men: 30–40 pack-years vs never smokers Women: 30–40 pack-years vs never smokers |
†23.6 (20.4–27.2) †7.8 (6.8–9.0) †24.6 (20.8–29.0) †12.9 (9.9–16.9) |
[39] |
USPSTF screening guidelines that require risk stratification, the relative risks associated with these diseases and how they compare with melanoma relative risk.
†Values that are odd ratios (instead of relative risk).
AAA: Abdominal aortic aneurysm; BP: Blood pressure; CT: Computed tomography; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk; USPSTF: US Preventive Services Task Force.