Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the sample by arthritis and vitamin D insufficiency status, n= 1,533.
| Variables | No Vitamin D insufficiency and No Arthritis N (%) |
Vitamin D insufficiency only N (%) |
Arthritis only N (%) |
Arthritis and vitamin D insufficiency N (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 921 (60.08) | 405 (26.42) | 134 (8.74) | 73 (4.76) | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 59.93 (9.61) | 61.80 (10.58) | 62.81 (9.06) | 67.52 (9.54) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (female) | 482 (52.33) | 270 (66.67) | 87 (64.93) | 58 (79.45) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status (married) | 680 (73.83) | 272 (67.16) | 92 (68.66) | 42 (57.53) | 0.0042 |
| Years of education | |||||
| 0 years | 124 (13.46) | 47 (11.60) | 33 (24.63) | 14 (19.18) | 0.0001 |
| 1–5 years | 254 (27.58) | 92 (22.72) | 34 (25.37) | 24 (32.88) | |
| 6 years | 229 (24.86) | 86 (21.23) | 26 (19.40) | 17 (23.29) | |
| ≥ 7 years | 314 (34.09) | 180 (44.44) | 41 (30.60) | 18 (24.66) | |
| Residence (urban) | 524 (56.89) | 303 (74.81) | 60 (44.78) | 45 (61.64) | <0.0001 |
| High-U.S.-migration state | 561 (60.91) | 189 (46.67) | 66 (49.25) | 35 (47.95) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.67 (5.13) | 29.53 (5.29) | 29.36 (4.82) | 29.61 (6.20) | 0.0219 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Hypertension | 351 (38.11) | 171 (42.22) | 68 (50.75) | 36 (49.32) | 0.0130 |
| Diabetes | 153 (16.61) | 113 (27.90) | 25 (18.66) | 21 (28.77) | <0.0001 |
| Fractures | 42 (4.56) | 23 (5.68) | 6 (4.48) | 11 (15.07) | 0.0018 |
| CVD | 46 (4.99) | 17 (4.20) | 4 (2.99) | 5 (6.85) | 0.5640 |
| Cancer | 18 (1.95) | 10 (2.47) | 4 (2.99) | 4 (5.48) | 0.2607 |
| Falls | 349 (37.89) | 159 (39.26) | 59 (44.03) | 27 (36.99) | 0.5727 |
| Vitamin D, mean (SD) | 28.48 (7.60) | 15.99 (3.02) | 27.38 (5.64) | 16.24 (2.76) | <0.0001 |
| UEA limitation | 260 (28.23) | 136 (33.58) | 85 (63.43) | 42 (57.53) | <0.0001 |
| LEA limitation | 459 (49.84) | 212 (52.35) | 109 (81.34) | 57 (78.08) | <0.0001 |
| ADL disability | 92 (9.99) | 61 (15.06) | 30 (22.39) | 25 (34.25) | <0.0001 |
| Balance test ≤ 10 sec. | 483 (52.44) | 255 (62.96) | 79 (58.96) | 58 (79.45) | <0.0001 |
| Walk test, mean (SD) | 4.63 (2.06) | 5.34 (3.84) | 5.45 (2.30) | 5.92 (2.77) | <0.0001 |
| Handgrip, mean (SD) | |||||
| Male | 35.22 (11.18) | 35.94 (11.12) | 29.19 (8.88) | 32.27 (12.71) | 0.0020 |
| Female | 24.98 (9.26) | 22.72 (6.90) | 20.69 (7.99) | 20.17 (8.09) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | 466 (50.60) | 150 (37.04) | 62 (46.27) | 27 (36.99) | <0.0001 |
| Pain, stiffness, swelling | ──── | ──── | 126 (94.03) | 58 (79.45) | ──── |
| Treatment for arthritis | ──── | ──── | 72 (53.73) | 46 (63.01) | ──── |
Values are presented as mean (SD) or n (%).
Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables.
BMI = body mass index. CVD = cardiovascular disease. UEA = upper extremity activity. LEA = lower extremity activity. ADL = activities of daily living.